docs/index.rst - llvm-project/libcxx - Git at Google

 .. _index:

 =============================
 "libc++" C++ Standard Library
 =============================

 Overview
 ========

 libc++ is a new implementation of the C++ standard library, targeting C++11 and
 above.

 * Features and Goals

   * Correctness as defined by the C++11 standard.
   * Fast execution.
   * Minimal memory use.
   * Fast compile times.
   * ABI compatibility with gcc's libstdc++ for some low-level features
     such as exception objects, rtti and memory allocation.
   * Extensive unit tests.

 * Design and Implementation:

   * Extensive unit tests
   * Internal linker model can be dumped/read to textual format
   * Additional linking features can be plugged in as "passes"
   * OS specific and CPU specific code factored out


 Getting Started with libc++
 ===========================

 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1

    ReleaseNotes
    UsingLibcxx
    BuildingLibcxx
    TestingLibcxx
    Contributing
    ImplementationDefinedBehavior
    Modules
    Hardening
    ReleaseProcedure
    Status/Cxx14
    Status/Cxx17
    Status/Cxx20
    Status/Cxx23
    Status/Cxx2c
    Status/Format
    Status/Parallelism
    Status/PSTL
    Status/Ranges
    Status/Spaceship
    Status/SpecialMath
    Status/Zip


 .. toctree::
     :hidden:

     AddingNewCIJobs
     FeatureTestMacroTable


 Current Status
 ==============

 libc++ has become the default C++ Standard Library implementation for many major platforms, including Apple's macOS,
 iOS, watchOS, and tvOS, Google Search, the Android operating system, and FreeBSD. As a result, libc++ has an estimated
 user base of over 1 billion daily active users.

 Since its inception, libc++ has focused on delivering high performance, standards-conformance, and portability. It has
 been extensively tested and optimized, making it robust and production ready. libc++ fully implements C++11 and C++14,
 with C++17, C++20, C++23, and C++26 features being actively developed and making steady progress.

 libc++ is continuously integrated and tested on a wide range of platforms and configurations, ensuring its reliability
 and compatibility across various systems. The library's extensive test suite and rigorous quality assurance process have
 made it a top choice for platform providers looking to offer their users a robust and efficient C++ Standard Library.

 As an open-source project, libc++ benefits from a vibrant community of contributors who work together to improve the
 library and add new features. This ongoing development and support ensure that libc++ remains at the forefront of
 C++ standardization efforts and continues to meet the evolving needs of C++ developers worldwide.


 History
 -------
 After its initial introduction, many people have asked "why start a new
 library instead of contributing to an existing library?" (like Apache's
 libstdcxx, GNU's libstdc++, STLport, etc).  There are many contributing
 reasons, but some of the major ones are:

 * From years of experience (including having implemented the standard
   library before), we've learned many things about implementing
   the standard containers which require ABI breakage and fundamental changes
   to how they are implemented.  For example, it is generally accepted that
   building std::string using the "short string optimization" instead of
   using Copy On Write (COW) is a superior approach for multicore
   machines (particularly in C++11, which has rvalue references).  Breaking
   ABI compatibility with old versions of the library was
   determined to be critical to achieving the performance goals of
   libc++.

 * Mainline libstdc++ has switched to GPL3, a license which the developers
   of libc++ cannot use.  libstdc++ 4.2 (the last GPL2 version) could be
   independently extended to support C++11, but this would be a fork of the
   codebase (which is often seen as worse for a project than starting a new
   independent one).  Another problem with libstdc++ is that it is tightly
   integrated with G++ development, tending to be tied fairly closely to the
   matching version of G++.

 * STLport and the Apache libstdcxx library are two other popular
   candidates, but both lack C++11 support.  Our experience (and the
   experience of libstdc++ developers) is that adding support for C++11 (in
   particular rvalue references and move-only types) requires changes to
   almost every class and function, essentially amounting to a rewrite.
   Faced with a rewrite, we decided to start from scratch and evaluate every
   design decision from first principles based on experience.
   Further, both projects are apparently abandoned: STLport 5.2.1 was
   released in Oct'08, and STDCXX 4.2.1 in May'08.

 ..
   LLVM RELEASE bump version

 .. _SupportedPlatforms:

 Platform and Compiler Support
 =============================

 Libc++ aims to support common compilers that implement the C++11 Standard. In order to strike a
 good balance between stability for users and maintenance cost, testing coverage and development
 velocity, libc++ drops support for older compilers as newer ones are released.

 ============ =============== ========================== =====================
 Compiler     Versions        Restrictions               Support policy
 ============ =============== ========================== =====================
 Clang        17, 18, 19-git                             latest two stable releases per `LLVM's release page <https://releases.llvm.org>`_ and the development version
 AppleClang   15                                         latest stable release per `Xcode's release page <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode-release-notes>`_
 Open XL      17.1 (AIX)                                 latest stable release per `Open XL's documentation page <https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/openxl-c-and-cpp-aix>`_
 GCC          14              In C++11 or later only     latest stable release per `GCC's release page <https://gcc.gnu.org/releases.html>`_
 ============ =============== ========================== =====================

 Libc++ also supports common platforms and architectures:

 ===================== ========================= ============================
 Target platform       Target architecture       Notes
 ===================== ========================= ============================
 macOS 10.13+          i386, x86_64, arm64
 FreeBSD 12+           i386, x86_64, arm
 Linux                 i386, x86_64, arm, arm64  Only glibc-2.24 and later and no other libc is officially supported
 Android 5.0+          i386, x86_64, arm, arm64
 Windows               i386, x86_64              Both MSVC and MinGW style environments, ABI in MSVC environments is :doc:`unstable <DesignDocs/ABIVersioning>`
 AIX 7.2TL5+           powerpc, powerpc64
 Embedded (picolibc)   arm
 ===================== ========================= ============================

 Generally speaking, libc++ should work on any platform that provides a fairly complete
 C Standard Library. It is also possible to turn off parts of the library for use on
 systems that provide incomplete support.

 However, libc++ aims to provide a high-quality implementation of the C++ Standard
 Library, especially when it comes to correctness. As such, we aim to have test coverage
 for all the platforms and compilers that we claim to support. If a platform or compiler
 is not listed here, it is not officially supported. It may happen to work, and
 in practice the library is known to work on some platforms not listed here, but
 we don't make any guarantees. If you would like your compiler and/or platform
 to be formally supported and listed here, please work with the libc++ team to set
 up testing for your configuration.


 C++ Dialect Support
 ===================

 * C++11 - Complete
 * :ref:`C++14 - Complete <cxx14-status>`
 * :ref:`C++17 - In Progress <cxx17-status>`
 * :ref:`C++20 - In Progress <cxx20-status>`
 * :ref:`C++23 - In Progress <cxx23-status>`
 * :ref:`C++2c - In Progress <cxx2c-status>`
 * :ref:`C++ Feature Test Macro Status <feature-status>`


 Notes and Known Issues
 ======================

 This list contains known issues with libc++

 * Building libc++ with ``-fno-rtti`` is not supported. However
   linking against it with ``-fno-rtti`` is supported.


 A full list of currently open libc++ bugs can be `found here`__.

 .. __:  https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/labels/libc%2B%2B


 Design Documents
 ================

 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1

    DesignDocs/ABIVersioning
    DesignDocs/AtomicDesign
    DesignDocs/CapturingConfigInfo
    DesignDocs/ExperimentalFeatures
    DesignDocs/ExtendedCXX03Support
    DesignDocs/FeatureTestMacros
    DesignDocs/FileTimeType
    DesignDocs/HeaderRemovalPolicy
    DesignDocs/NodiscardPolicy
    DesignDocs/NoexceptPolicy
    DesignDocs/PSTLIntegration
    DesignDocs/ThreadingSupportAPI
    DesignDocs/UniquePtrTrivialAbi
    DesignDocs/UnspecifiedBehaviorRandomization
    DesignDocs/VisibilityMacros
    DesignDocs/TimeZone


 Build Bots and Test Coverage
 ============================

 * `Github Actions CI pipeline <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/actions/workflows/libcxx-build-and-test.yaml>`_
 * `Buildkite CI pipeline <https://buildkite.com/llvm-project/libcxx-ci>`_
 * `LLVM Buildbot Builders <https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot>`_
 * :ref:`Adding New CI Jobs <AddingNewCIJobs>`


 Getting Involved
 ================

 First please review our `Developer's Policy <https://llvm.org/docs/DeveloperPolicy.html>`__
 and `Getting started with LLVM <https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html>`__.

 **Bug Reports**

 If you think you've found a bug in libc++, please report it using
 the `LLVM bug tracker`_. If you're not sure, you
 can ask for support on the `libcxx forum`_ or on IRC.

 **Patches**

 If you want to contribute a patch to libc++, please start by reviewing our
 :ref:`documentation about contributing <ContributingToLibcxx>`.

 **Discussion and Questions**

 Send discussions and questions to the `libcxx forum`_.


 Quick Links
 ===========
 * `LLVM Homepage <https://llvm.org/>`_
 * `libc++abi Homepage <http://libcxxabi.llvm.org/>`_
 * `LLVM Bug Tracker <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/labels/libc++/>`_
 * `libcxx-commits Mailing List <http://lists.llvm.org/mailman/listinfo/libcxx-commits>`_
 * `libcxx Forum <https://discourse.llvm.org/c/runtimes/libcxx/>`_
 * `Browse libc++ Sources <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/tree/main/libcxx/>`_
	.. _index:

	=============================
	"libc++" C++ Standard Library
	=============================

	Overview
	========

	libc++ is a new implementation of the C++ standard library, targeting C++11 and
	above.

	* Features and Goals

	* Correctness as defined by the C++11 standard.
	* Fast execution.
	* Minimal memory use.
	* Fast compile times.
	* ABI compatibility with gcc's libstdc++ for some low-level features
	such as exception objects, rtti and memory allocation.
	* Extensive unit tests.

	* Design and Implementation:

	* Extensive unit tests
	* Internal linker model can be dumped/read to textual format
	* Additional linking features can be plugged in as "passes"
	* OS specific and CPU specific code factored out


	Getting Started with libc++
	===========================

	.. toctree::
	:maxdepth: 1

	ReleaseNotes
	UsingLibcxx
	BuildingLibcxx
	TestingLibcxx
	Contributing
	ImplementationDefinedBehavior
	Modules
	Hardening
	ReleaseProcedure
	Status/Cxx14
	Status/Cxx17
	Status/Cxx20
	Status/Cxx23
	Status/Cxx2c
	Status/Format
	Status/Parallelism
	Status/PSTL
	Status/Ranges
	Status/Spaceship
	Status/SpecialMath
	Status/Zip


	.. toctree::
	:hidden:

	AddingNewCIJobs
	FeatureTestMacroTable


	Current Status
	==============

	libc++ has become the default C++ Standard Library implementation for many major platforms, including Apple's macOS,
	iOS, watchOS, and tvOS, Google Search, the Android operating system, and FreeBSD. As a result, libc++ has an estimated
	user base of over 1 billion daily active users.

	Since its inception, libc++ has focused on delivering high performance, standards-conformance, and portability. It has
	been extensively tested and optimized, making it robust and production ready. libc++ fully implements C++11 and C++14,
	with C++17, C++20, C++23, and C++26 features being actively developed and making steady progress.

	libc++ is continuously integrated and tested on a wide range of platforms and configurations, ensuring its reliability
	and compatibility across various systems. The library's extensive test suite and rigorous quality assurance process have
	made it a top choice for platform providers looking to offer their users a robust and efficient C++ Standard Library.

	As an open-source project, libc++ benefits from a vibrant community of contributors who work together to improve the
	library and add new features. This ongoing development and support ensure that libc++ remains at the forefront of
	C++ standardization efforts and continues to meet the evolving needs of C++ developers worldwide.


	History
	-------
	After its initial introduction, many people have asked "why start a new
	library instead of contributing to an existing library?" (like Apache's
	libstdcxx, GNU's libstdc++, STLport, etc). There are many contributing
	reasons, but some of the major ones are:

	* From years of experience (including having implemented the standard
	library before), we've learned many things about implementing
	the standard containers which require ABI breakage and fundamental changes
	to how they are implemented. For example, it is generally accepted that
	building std::string using the "short string optimization" instead of
	using Copy On Write (COW) is a superior approach for multicore
	machines (particularly in C++11, which has rvalue references). Breaking
	ABI compatibility with old versions of the library was
	determined to be critical to achieving the performance goals of
	libc++.

	* Mainline libstdc++ has switched to GPL3, a license which the developers
	of libc++ cannot use. libstdc++ 4.2 (the last GPL2 version) could be
	independently extended to support C++11, but this would be a fork of the
	codebase (which is often seen as worse for a project than starting a new
	independent one). Another problem with libstdc++ is that it is tightly
	integrated with G++ development, tending to be tied fairly closely to the
	matching version of G++.

	* STLport and the Apache libstdcxx library are two other popular
	candidates, but both lack C++11 support. Our experience (and the
	experience of libstdc++ developers) is that adding support for C++11 (in
	particular rvalue references and move-only types) requires changes to
	almost every class and function, essentially amounting to a rewrite.
	Faced with a rewrite, we decided to start from scratch and evaluate every
	design decision from first principles based on experience.
	Further, both projects are apparently abandoned: STLport 5.2.1 was
	released in Oct'08, and STDCXX 4.2.1 in May'08.

	..
	LLVM RELEASE bump version

	.. _SupportedPlatforms:

	Platform and Compiler Support
	=============================

	Libc++ aims to support common compilers that implement the C++11 Standard. In order to strike a
	good balance between stability for users and maintenance cost, testing coverage and development
	velocity, libc++ drops support for older compilers as newer ones are released.

	============ =============== ========================== =====================
	Compiler Versions Restrictions Support policy
	============ =============== ========================== =====================
	Clang 17, 18, 19-git latest two stable releases per `LLVM's release page <https://releases.llvm.org>`_ and the development version
	AppleClang 15 latest stable release per `Xcode's release page <https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode-release-notes>`_
	Open XL 17.1 (AIX) latest stable release per `Open XL's documentation page <https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/openxl-c-and-cpp-aix>`_
	GCC 14 In C++11 or later only latest stable release per `GCC's release page <https://gcc.gnu.org/releases.html>`_
	============ =============== ========================== =====================

	Libc++ also supports common platforms and architectures:

	===================== ========================= ============================
	Target platform Target architecture Notes
	===================== ========================= ============================
	macOS 10.13+ i386, x86_64, arm64
	FreeBSD 12+ i386, x86_64, arm
	Linux i386, x86_64, arm, arm64 Only glibc-2.24 and later and no other libc is officially supported
	Android 5.0+ i386, x86_64, arm, arm64
	Windows i386, x86_64 Both MSVC and MinGW style environments, ABI in MSVC environments is :doc:`unstable <DesignDocs/ABIVersioning>`
	AIX 7.2TL5+ powerpc, powerpc64
	Embedded (picolibc) arm
	===================== ========================= ============================

	Generally speaking, libc++ should work on any platform that provides a fairly complete
	C Standard Library. It is also possible to turn off parts of the library for use on
	systems that provide incomplete support.

	However, libc++ aims to provide a high-quality implementation of the C++ Standard
	Library, especially when it comes to correctness. As such, we aim to have test coverage
	for all the platforms and compilers that we claim to support. If a platform or compiler
	is not listed here, it is not officially supported. It may happen to work, and
	in practice the library is known to work on some platforms not listed here, but
	we don't make any guarantees. If you would like your compiler and/or platform
	to be formally supported and listed here, please work with the libc++ team to set
	up testing for your configuration.


	C++ Dialect Support
	===================

	* C++11 - Complete
	* :ref:`C++14 - Complete <cxx14-status>`
	* :ref:`C++17 - In Progress <cxx17-status>`
	* :ref:`C++20 - In Progress <cxx20-status>`
	* :ref:`C++23 - In Progress <cxx23-status>`
	* :ref:`C++2c - In Progress <cxx2c-status>`
	* :ref:`C++ Feature Test Macro Status <feature-status>`


	Notes and Known Issues
	======================

	This list contains known issues with libc++

	* Building libc++ with ``-fno-rtti`` is not supported. However
	linking against it with ``-fno-rtti`` is supported.


	A full list of currently open libc++ bugs can be `found here`__.

	.. __: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/labels/libc%2B%2B


	Design Documents
	================

	.. toctree::
	:maxdepth: 1

	DesignDocs/ABIVersioning
	DesignDocs/AtomicDesign
	DesignDocs/CapturingConfigInfo
	DesignDocs/ExperimentalFeatures
	DesignDocs/ExtendedCXX03Support
	DesignDocs/FeatureTestMacros
	DesignDocs/FileTimeType
	DesignDocs/HeaderRemovalPolicy
	DesignDocs/NodiscardPolicy
	DesignDocs/NoexceptPolicy
	DesignDocs/PSTLIntegration
	DesignDocs/ThreadingSupportAPI
	DesignDocs/UniquePtrTrivialAbi
	DesignDocs/UnspecifiedBehaviorRandomization
	DesignDocs/VisibilityMacros
	DesignDocs/TimeZone


	Build Bots and Test Coverage
	============================

	* `Github Actions CI pipeline <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/actions/workflows/libcxx-build-and-test.yaml>`_
	* `Buildkite CI pipeline <https://buildkite.com/llvm-project/libcxx-ci>`_
	* `LLVM Buildbot Builders <https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot>`_
	* :ref:`Adding New CI Jobs <AddingNewCIJobs>`


	Getting Involved
	================

	First please review our `Developer's Policy <https://llvm.org/docs/DeveloperPolicy.html>`__
	and `Getting started with LLVM <https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html>`__.

	Bug Reports

	If you think you've found a bug in libc++, please report it using
	the `LLVM bug tracker`_. If you're not sure, you
	can ask for support on the `libcxx forum`_ or on IRC.

	Patches

	If you want to contribute a patch to libc++, please start by reviewing our
	:ref:`documentation about contributing <ContributingToLibcxx>`.

	Discussion and Questions

	Send discussions and questions to the `libcxx forum`_.


	Quick Links
	===========
	* `LLVM Homepage <https://llvm.org/>`_
	* `libc++abi Homepage <http://libcxxabi.llvm.org/>`_
	* `LLVM Bug Tracker <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/labels/libc++/>`_
	* `libcxx-commits Mailing List <http://lists.llvm.org/mailman/listinfo/libcxx-commits>`_
	* `libcxx Forum <https://discourse.llvm.org/c/runtimes/libcxx/>`_
	* `Browse libc++ Sources <https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/tree/main/libcxx/>`_