mlir/lib/Dialect/SparseTensor/Utils/Merger.cpp

//===- Merger.cpp - Implementation of iteration lattices ------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#include "mlir/Dialect/SparseTensor/Utils/Merger.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/Complex/IR/Complex.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/Math/IR/Math.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/SparseTensor/IR/SparseTensor.h"

#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
#include <optional>

namespace mlir {
namespace sparse_tensor {

enum class ExpArity {
  kNullary,
  kUnary,
  kBinary,
};

static ExpArity getExpArity(TensorExp::Kind k) {
  switch (k) {
  // Leaf.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTensor:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero:
    return ExpArity::kNullary;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kRelu:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCIm:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCRe:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kUnary:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSelect:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI:
    return ExpArity::kUnary;
  // Binary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShlI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAndI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kOrI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kXorI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinary:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kReduce:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp: // kDenseOp can *at most* have two operands
    return ExpArity::kBinary;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected kind");
}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Constructors.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

TensorExp::TensorExp(TensorExp::Kind k, unsigned x, ExprId y, Value v,
                     Operation *o, Attribute a)
    : kind(k), val(v), op(o), attr(a) {
  switch (kind) {
  // Leaf.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTensor:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y == detail::kInvalidId && !v && !o);
    tensor = x;
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero:
    assert(x == detail::kInvalidId && y == detail::kInvalidId && !v && !o);
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant:
    assert(x == detail::kInvalidId && y == detail::kInvalidId && v && !o);
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y == detail::kInvalidId && !v && !o);
    loop = x;
    return;
  // Unary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kRelu:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCIm:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCRe:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y == detail::kInvalidId && !v && !o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y == detail::kInvalidId && v && !o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSelect:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y == detail::kInvalidId && !v && o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kUnary:
    // No assertion on y can be made, as the branching paths involve both
    // a unary (`mapSet`) and binary (`disjSet`) pathway.
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && !v && o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  // Binary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAndI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kOrI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kXorI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShlI:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y != detail::kInvalidId && !v && !o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y != detail::kInvalidId && !v && !o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinary:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kReduce:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && y != detail::kInvalidId && !v && o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp:
    assert(x != detail::kInvalidId && !v && o);
    children.e0 = x;
    children.e1 = y;
    return;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected kind");
}

Merger::Merger(unsigned numInputOutputTensors, unsigned numLoops,
               unsigned maxLvlRank)
    : outTensor(numInputOutputTensors - 1),
      syntheticTensor(numInputOutputTensors),
      numTensors(numInputOutputTensors + 1), numLoops(numLoops),
      hasSparseOut(false),
      lvlTypes(numTensors,
               std::vector<LevelType>(numLoops, LevelFormat::Undef)),
      loopToLvl(numTensors,
                std::vector<std::optional<Level>>(numLoops, std::nullopt)),
      lvlToLoop(numTensors,
                std::vector<std::optional<LoopId>>(maxLvlRank, std::nullopt)),
      loopToUnresolvedLvls(numLoops, std::vector<std::optional<LvlLTPair>>(
                                         numTensors, std::nullopt)),
      levelToDependentLoop(numTensors,
                           std::vector<std::vector<LoopCoeffPair>>(
                               maxLvlRank, std::vector<LoopCoeffPair>())),
      loopBounds(numLoops, std::make_pair(numTensors, numLoops)) {}

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Lattice methods.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

ExprId Merger::addTensorExp(TensorId t) {
  assert(isValidTensorId(t));
  const ExprId eNew(tensorExps.size());
  tensorExps.emplace_back(TensorExp::Kind::kTensor, t, detail::kInvalidId,
                          Value(), nullptr, nullptr);
  return eNew;
}

ExprId Merger::addLoopVarExp(LoopId i) {
  assert(isValidLoopId(i));
  const ExprId eNew(tensorExps.size());
  tensorExps.emplace_back(TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar, i, detail::kInvalidId,
                          Value(), nullptr, nullptr);
  return eNew;
}

ExprId Merger::addInvariantExp(Value v) {
  const ExprId eNew(tensorExps.size());
  tensorExps.emplace_back(TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant, detail::kInvalidId,
                          detail::kInvalidId, v, nullptr, nullptr);
  return eNew;
}

ExprId Merger::addSynZeroExp() {
  const ExprId eNew(tensorExps.size());
  tensorExps.emplace_back(TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero, detail::kInvalidId,
                          detail::kInvalidId, Value(), nullptr, nullptr);
  return eNew;
}

ExprId Merger::addExp(TensorExp::Kind k, ExprId e0, ExprId e1, Operation *op,
                      Attribute attr) {
  assert(k > TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar);
  const ExprId eNew(tensorExps.size());
  tensorExps.emplace_back(k, e0, e1, Value(), op, attr);
  return eNew;
}

ExprId Merger::addExp(TensorExp::Kind k, ExprId e, Value v, Operation *op,
                      Attribute attr) {
  assert(k > TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar);
  const ExprId eNew(tensorExps.size());
  tensorExps.emplace_back(k, e, detail::kInvalidId, v, op, attr);
  return eNew;
}

LatPointId Merger::addLat(TensorId t, LoopId i, ExprId e) {
  const LatPointId pNew(latPoints.size());
  const unsigned size = numLoops * numTensors;
  const TensorLoopId b = makeTensorLoopId(t, i);
  latPoints.emplace_back(size, e);
  latPoints[pNew].bits.set(b);
  return pNew;
}

LatPointId Merger::addLat(const BitVector &bits, ExprId e) {
  assert(bits.size() == numLoops * numTensors);
  const LatPointId pNew(latPoints.size());
  latPoints.emplace_back(bits, e);
  return pNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::addSet() {
  const LatSetId sNew(latSets.size());
  latSets.emplace_back();
  return sNew;
}

LatPointId Merger::conjLat(ExprId e, LatPointId p0, LatPointId p1,
                           Operation *op) {
  TensorExp::Kind kind = exp(e).kind;
  Attribute attr = exp(e).attr;
  const LatPointId pNew(latPoints.size());
  const auto &point0 = lat(p0);
  const auto &point1 = lat(p1);
  BitVector bits(point0.bits);
  bits |= point1.bits;
  const ExprId ne = addExp(kind, point0.exp, point1.exp, op, attr);
  latPoints.emplace_back(bits, ne);
  return pNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::conjSet(ExprId e, LatSetId s0, LatSetId s1, Operation *op) {
  const LatSetId sNew = addSet();
  auto &setNew = latSets[sNew];
  for (const LatPointId p0 : set(s0))
    for (const LatPointId p1 : set(s1))
      setNew.push_back(conjLat(e, p0, p1, op));
  return sNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::disjSet(ExprId e, LatSetId s0, LatSetId s1, Operation *op) {
  const LatSetId sNew = conjSet(e, s0, s1, op);
  TensorExp::Kind kind = exp(e).kind;
  // Followed by all in s0.
  latSets[sNew].append(latSets[s0]);
  // Map binary 0-y to unary -y.
  // TODO: move this if-else logic into buildLattices
  if (kind == TensorExp::Kind::kSubF)
    s1 = mapSet(TensorExp::Kind::kNegF, s1);
  else if (kind == TensorExp::Kind::kSubC)
    s1 = mapSet(TensorExp::Kind::kNegC, s1);
  else if (kind == TensorExp::Kind::kSubI)
    s1 = mapSet(TensorExp::Kind::kNegI, s1);
  // Followed by all in s1.
  latSets[sNew].append(latSets[s1]);
  return sNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::disjSetWithZero(ExprId e, LatSetId s0, LatSetId s1) {
  assert(exp(e).kind == TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI ||
         exp(e).kind == TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF);
  const LatSetId sNew = conjSet(e, s0, s1, nullptr);

  ExprId e0 = exp(e).children.e0;
  ExprId e1 = exp(e).children.e1;
  if (exp(e0).kind == TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero ||
      exp(e1).kind == TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero) {
    // lhs and rhs can't be synthetic zero at the same time.
    assert(exp(e0).kind != exp(e1).kind);
    // If one of the operands has already been assigned to zero (the
    // element is absent in the corresponding operand), then we do not
    // need to build disjunctive set for it.
    return sNew;
  }

  auto lhsSet = mapBinWithSynZeroSet(e, s0, false);
  auto rhsSet = mapBinWithSynZeroSet(e, s1, true);
  latSets[sNew].append(latSets[lhsSet]);
  latSets[sNew].append(latSets[rhsSet]);
  return sNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::combiSet(ExprId e, LatSetId s0, LatSetId s1, Operation *orig,
                          bool includeLeft, TensorExp::Kind ltrans,
                          Operation *opleft, bool includeRight,
                          TensorExp::Kind rtrans, Operation *opright) {
  Attribute a = exp(e).attr;
  const LatSetId sNew = conjSet(e, s0, s1, orig);
  // Left Region.
  if (includeLeft) {
    if (opleft)
      s0 = mapSet(ltrans, s0, Value(), opleft, a);
    latSets[sNew].append(latSets[s0]);
  }
  // Right Region.
  if (includeRight) {
    if (opright)
      s1 = mapSet(rtrans, s1, Value(), opright, a);
    latSets[sNew].append(latSets[s1]);
  }
  return sNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::mapSet(TensorExp::Kind kind, LatSetId s0, Value v,
                        Operation *op, Attribute a) {
  assert((TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF <= kind && kind <= TensorExp::Kind::kSelect) ||
         TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp == kind);
  const LatSetId sNew = addSet();
  auto &setNew = latSets[sNew];
  for (const LatPointId p : set(s0)) {
    const auto &point = latPoints[p];
    setNew.push_back(addLat(point.bits, addExp(kind, point.exp, v, op, a)));
  }
  return sNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::mapBinWithSynZeroSet(ExprId e, LatSetId s0, bool lhsZero) {
  TensorExp::Kind kind = exp(e).kind;
  Attribute a = exp(e).attr;
  assert(TensorExp::Kind::kMulF <= kind && kind <= TensorExp::Kind::kShlI);
  // Must be a binary operation.
  const LatSetId sNew = addSet();
  auto &setNew = latSets[sNew];
  const ExprId zeroExp = addSynZeroExp();
  for (const LatPointId p : set(s0)) {
    const auto &point = latPoints[p];
    ExprId newExp = lhsZero ? addExp(kind, zeroExp, point.exp, nullptr, a)
                            : addExp(kind, point.exp, zeroExp, nullptr, a);
    setNew.push_back(addLat(point.bits, newExp));
  }
  return sNew;
}

LatSetId Merger::optimizeSet(LatSetId s0) {
  const LatSetId sNew = addSet();
  auto &setNew = latSets[sNew];
  const auto &set0 = set(s0);
  assert(!set0.empty());
  const LatPointId p0 = set0[0];
  for (const LatPointId p1 : set0) {
    bool add = true;
    if (p0 != p1) {
      // Check whether this is a straightforward copy.
      if (expIsTensor(latPoints[p1].exp, outTensor))
        continue;
      // Check whether this conjunction is already covered.
      for (const LatPointId p2 : setNew) {
        assert(!latGT(p1, p2)); // Lj => Li would be bad
        if (onlyDenseDiff(p2, p1)) {
          add = false;
          break;
        }
      }
      assert(!add || latGT(p0, p1));
    }
    if (add)
      setNew.push_back(p1);
  }
  for (const LatPointId p : setNew)
    latPoints[p].simple = simplifyCond(sNew, p);
  return sNew;
}

BitVector Merger::simplifyCond(LatSetId s0, LatPointId p0) {
  // First determine if this lattice point is a *singleton*, i.e.,
  // the last point in a lattice, no other is less than this one.
  bool isSingleton = true;
  for (const LatPointId p1 : set(s0)) {
    if (p0 != p1 && latGT(p0, p1)) {
      isSingleton = false;
      break;
    }
  }

  BitVector simple(latPoints[p0].bits);
  bool reset = isSingleton && hasAnySparse(simple);
  const TensorLoopId be = simple.size();
  TensorLoopId offset = 0; // relative to the end
  if (!reset)
    // Starts resetting from a dense level, so that the first bit (if kept)
    // is not undefined level-type.
    for (unsigned b = 0; b < be; b++) {
      if (simple[b] && getLvlType(TensorLoopId{b}).hasDenseSemantic()) {
        offset = be - b - 1; // relative to the end
        break;
      }
    }

  // Now apply the two basic rules. We also iterate the bits reversely to always
  // keep the rightmost bit (which could possibly be a synthetic tensor).
  for (unsigned b = be - 1 - offset, i = 0; i < be;
       b = b == 0 ? be - 1 : b - 1, i++) {
    // Slice on dense level has `locate` property as well, and can be optimized.
    if (simple[b] && !isSparseLvlWithNonTrivialIdxExp(b)) {
      const auto lt = getLvlType(b);
      if (!lt.hasSparseSemantic()) {
        if (reset)
          simple.reset(b);
        reset = true;
      }
    }
  }
  return simple;
}

bool Merger::latGT(LatPointId i, LatPointId j) const {
  const BitVector &bitsi = lat(i).bits;
  const BitVector &bitsj = lat(j).bits;
  assert(bitsi.size() == bitsj.size());
  if (bitsi.count() > bitsj.count()) {
    for (TensorLoopId b = 0, be = bitsj.size(); b < be; b++)
      if (bitsj[b] && !bitsi[b])
        return false;
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

bool Merger::onlyDenseDiff(LatPointId i, LatPointId j) const {
  BitVector tmp(latPoints[j].bits);
  tmp ^= latPoints[i].bits;
  return !hasAnySparse(tmp);
}

bool Merger::expContainsTensor(ExprId e, TensorId t) const {
  const auto &expr = exp(e);
  // First we check `expIsTensor`.
  if (expr.kind == TensorExp::Kind::kTensor)
    return expr.tensor == t;

  switch (getExpArity(expr.kind)) {
  case ExpArity::kNullary:
    return false;
  case ExpArity::kUnary: {
    const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
    return expContainsTensor(e0, t);
  }
  case ExpArity::kBinary: {
    const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
    const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
    return expContainsTensor(e0, t) || expContainsTensor(e1, t);
  }
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected arity");
}

bool Merger::hasNegateOnOut(ExprId e) const {
  const auto &expr = exp(e);
  switch (expr.kind) {
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI:
    return expContainsTensor(expr.children.e0, outTensor);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
    return expContainsTensor(expr.children.e1, outTensor) ||
           hasNegateOnOut(expr.children.e0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp: {
    bool lhsNeg = hasNegateOnOut(expr.children.e0);
    if (!lhsNeg && expr.children.e1 != detail::kInvalidId)
      return hasNegateOnOut(expr.children.e1);
    return lhsNeg;
  }
  default: {
    switch (getExpArity(expr.kind)) {
    case ExpArity::kNullary:
      return false;
    case ExpArity::kUnary:
      return hasNegateOnOut(expr.children.e0);
    case ExpArity::kBinary:
      return hasNegateOnOut(expr.children.e0) ||
             hasNegateOnOut(expr.children.e1);
    }
  }
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected kind");
}

bool Merger::isSingleCondition(TensorId t, ExprId e) const {
  assert(isValidTensorId(t));
  const auto &expr = exp(e);
  switch (expr.kind) {
  // Leaf.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTensor:
    return expr.tensor == t;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero:
    return false;
  // Unary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kRelu:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCIm:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCRe:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kUnary:
    return isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSelect:
    return false;
  // Binary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivF: // note: x / c only
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivU:
    assert(!maybeZero(expr.children.e1));
    return isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrS: // note: x >> inv only
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShlI:
    assert(isInvariant(expr.children.e1));
    return isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAndI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kReduce:
    if (isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e0))
      return isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e1) ||
             isInvariant(expr.children.e1);
    if (isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e1))
      return isInvariant(expr.children.e0);
    return false;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddI:
    return isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e0) &&
           isSingleCondition(t, expr.children.e1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kOrI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kXorI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinary:
    return false;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp:
    // Since Merger guarantees all the operands of the kDenseOp to be dense, the
    // operation must be single-condition.
    return true;
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected kind");
}

bool Merger::hasAnySparse(const BitVector &bits) const {
  for (TensorLoopId b : bits.set_bits()) {
    const auto lt = getLvlType(b);
    if (lt.hasSparseSemantic())
      return true;
  }
  return hasSparseIdxReduction(bits);
}

bool Merger::hasSparseIdxReduction(const BitVector &bits) const {
  for (TensorLoopId b : bits.set_bits())
    if (isSparseLvlWithNonTrivialIdxExp(b))
      return true;
  return false;
}

#ifndef NDEBUG

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Print methods (for debugging).
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

static const char *kindToOpSymbol(TensorExp::Kind kind) {
  switch (kind) {
  // Leaf.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTensor:
    return "tensor";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant:
    return "invariant";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar:
    return "index";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero:
    return "0";
  // Unary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI:
    return "abs";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF:
    return "ceil";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF:
    return "floor";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC:
    return "sqrt";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C:
    return "expm1";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC:
    return "log1p";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kRelu:
    return "relu";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinC:
    return "sin";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC:
    return "tanh";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI:
    return "-";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCIm:
    return "complex.im";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCRe:
    return "complex.re";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast:
    return "cast";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch:
    return "binary_branch";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kUnary:
    return "unary";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSelect:
    return "select";
  // Binary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulI:
    return "*";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivU:
    return "/";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddI:
    return "+";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
    return "-";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAndI:
    return "&";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kOrI:
    return "|";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kXorI:
    return "^";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrS:
    return "a>>";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrU:
    return ">>";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShlI:
    return "<<";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI:
    return "cmp";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinary:
    return "binary";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kReduce:
    return "reduce";
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp:
    return "dense";
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected kind for symbol");
}

void Merger::dumpExp(ExprId e) const {
  const auto &expr = exp(e);
  switch (expr.kind) {
  // Leaf.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTensor:
    if (expr.tensor == syntheticTensor)
      llvm::dbgs() << "synthetic_";
    else if (expr.tensor == outTensor)
      llvm::dbgs() << "output_";
    llvm::dbgs() << "tensor_" << expr.tensor;
    break;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant:
    llvm::dbgs() << "invariant";
    break;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero:
    llvm::dbgs() << "0";
    break;
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar:
    llvm::dbgs() << "loopvar_" << expr.loop;
    break;
  // Unary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kRelu:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCIm:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCRe:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kUnary:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSelect:
    llvm::dbgs() << kindToOpSymbol(expr.kind) << " ";
    dumpExp(expr.children.e0);
    break;
  // Binary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAndI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kOrI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kXorI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShlI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinary:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kReduce:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp:
    llvm::dbgs() << "(";
    dumpExp(expr.children.e0);
    llvm::dbgs() << " " << kindToOpSymbol(expr.kind);
    if (expr.attr)
      llvm::dbgs() << "{" << expr.attr << "}";
    if (expr.children.e1 != detail::kInvalidId) {
      llvm::dbgs() << " ";
      dumpExp(expr.children.e1);
      llvm::dbgs() << ")";
    } else {
      assert(expr.kind == TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp);
    }
    break;
  }
}

void Merger::dumpLat(LatPointId p) const {
  const auto &point = lat(p);
  llvm::dbgs() << "lat(";
  dumpBits(point.bits);
  llvm::dbgs() << " :";
  dumpBits(point.simple);
  llvm::dbgs() << " : ";
  dumpExp(point.exp);
  llvm::dbgs() << " )\n";
}

void Merger::dumpSet(LatSetId s) const {
  const auto &ss = set(s);
  llvm::dbgs() << "{ #" << ss.size() << "\n";
  for (const LatPointId p : ss) {
    llvm::dbgs() << "  ";
    dumpLat(p);
  }
  llvm::dbgs() << "}\n";
}

void Merger::dumpBits(const BitVector &bits) const {
  for (TensorLoopId b = 0, be = bits.size(); b < be; b++) {
    if (bits[b]) {
      const TensorId t = tensor(b);
      const LoopId i = loop(b);
      const auto lt = lvlTypes[t][i];
      if (isLvlWithNonTrivialIdxExp(b))
        llvm::dbgs() << " DEP_" << t << "_" << i;
      else
        llvm::dbgs() << " i_" << t << "_" << i << "_" << toMLIRString(lt);
    }
  }
}

#endif // NDEBUG

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// Builder methods.
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

LatSetId Merger::buildLattices(ExprId e, LoopId i) {
  // NOTE: The `expr` reference will be invalidated by recursive calls
  // (and any other method that may add new expressions); therefore, the
  // code below must make sure to copy fields of `expr` into local variables
  // before making any recursive calls.
  const auto &expr = exp(e);
  const TensorExp::Kind kind = expr.kind;
  switch (kind) {
  // Leaf.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTensor:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar: {
    // Either the loop-var is really used in the tensor expression, or it is
    // set to the undefined loop-var in that level. An invariant expression,
    // a proper index value, and a truly dynamic sparse output tensor are set
    // to a synthetic tensor with undefined indices only to ensure the
    // iteration space is not skipped as a result of their contents.
    const LatSetId s = addSet();
    TensorId t = syntheticTensor;
    if (kind == TensorExp::Kind::kTensor) {
      t = expr.tensor;
      if (hasSparseOut && t == outTensor)
        t = syntheticTensor;
    }
    latSets[s].push_back(addLat(t, i, e));
    return s;
  }
  // Unary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kRelu:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExtF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCIm:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCRe:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast:
    // A zero preserving operation (viz. f(0) = 0, [Bik96,Ch5]) maps the
    // lattice set of the operand through the operator into a new set.
    //
    //  -y|!y | y |
    //  --+---+---+
    //    | 0 |-y |
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const Value v = expr.val;
      Attribute a = expr.attr;
      return mapSet(kind, buildLattices(e0, i), v, nullptr, a);
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSelect:
    // The left or right half of a binary operation which has already
    // been split into separate operations for each region.
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      Operation *const op = expr.op;
      return mapSet(kind, buildLattices(e0, i), Value(), op);
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kUnary:
    // A custom unary operation.
    //
    //  op y|    !y    |     y      |
    //  ----+----------+------------+
    //      | absent() | present(y) |
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      UnaryOp unop = cast<UnaryOp>(expr.op);
      const LatSetId child0 = buildLattices(e0, i);
      Region &absentRegion = unop.getAbsentRegion();
      if (absentRegion.empty()) {
        // Simple mapping over existing values.
        return mapSet(kind, child0, Value(), unop);
      }
      // Use a disjunction with `unop` on the left and the absent value as an
      // invariant on the right.
      Block &absentBlock = absentRegion.front();
      YieldOp absentYield = cast<YieldOp>(absentBlock.getTerminator());
      const Value absentVal = absentYield.getSingleResult();
      const ExprId rhs = addInvariantExp(absentVal);
      return disjSet(e, child0, buildLattices(rhs, i), unop);
    }
  // Binary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAndI:
    // A multiplicative operation only needs to be performed
    // for the conjunction of sparse iteration spaces.
    //
    //  x*y|!y | y |
    //  ---+---+---+
    //  !x | 0 | 0 |
    //   x | 0 |x*y|
    //
    // Note even here, 0*NaN=NaN and 0*Inf=NaN, but that is ignored.
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
      return conjSet(e, buildLattices(e0, i), buildLattices(e1, i));
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivU:
    // A division is tricky, since 0/0, 0/c, c/0 all have
    // specific outcomes for floating-point and integers.
    // Thus, we need to traverse the full iteration space.
    //
    //  x/y|!y | y |
    //  ---+---+---+
    //  !x |0/0|0/y|   FP: 0/0=NaN,c/0=Inf,0/c=0 with c true nonzero
    //   x |x/0|x/y|  INT: x/0=exception for any x
    //
    // TODO: for now we "fixed" this by only accepting x/c cases
    //       during expression building, so that the conjunction
    //       rules applies (viz. x/c = x*(1/c) as far as lattice
    //       construction is concerned).
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
      assert(!maybeZero(e1));
      return conjSet(e, buildLattices(e0, i), buildLattices(e1, i));
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kOrI:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kXorI:
    // An additive operation needs to be performed
    // for the disjunction of sparse iteration spaces.
    //
    //  x+y|!y | y |    x-y|!y | y |
    //  ---+---+---+    ---+---+---+
    //  !x | 0 | y |    !x | 0 |-y |
    //   x | x |x+y|     x | x |x-y|
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
      return disjSet(e, buildLattices(e0, i), buildLattices(e1, i));
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI:
    // A comparison operation needs to be performed
    // for the disjunction of sparse iteration spaces.
    //
    //   x < y |  !y   |   y   |
    //  -------+-------+-------+
    //     !x  |   0   | 0 < y |
    //      x  | x < 0 | x < y |
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
      return disjSetWithZero(e, buildLattices(e0, i), buildLattices(e1, i));
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrS:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrU:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShlI:
    // A shift operation by an invariant amount (viz. tensor expressions
    // can only occur at the left-hand-side of the operator) can be handled
    // with the conjunction rule.
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
      assert(isInvariant(e1));
      return conjSet(e, buildLattices(e0, i), buildLattices(e1, i));
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinary:
    // A custom binary operation.
    //
    //  x op y|   !y    |       y      |
    //  ------+---------+--------------+
    //    !x  |  empty  |   right(y)   |
    //     x  | left(x) | overlap(x,y) |
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
      BinaryOp binop = cast<BinaryOp>(expr.op);
      const LatSetId child0 = buildLattices(e0, i);
      const LatSetId child1 = buildLattices(e1, i);
      Region &leftRegion = binop.getLeftRegion();
      Region &rightRegion = binop.getRightRegion();
      // Left Region.
      Operation *leftYield = nullptr;
      if (!leftRegion.empty()) {
        Block &leftBlock = leftRegion.front();
        leftYield = leftBlock.getTerminator();
      }
      // Right Region.
      Operation *rightYield = nullptr;
      if (!rightRegion.empty()) {
        Block &rightBlock = rightRegion.front();
        rightYield = rightBlock.getTerminator();
      }
      bool includeLeft = binop.getLeftIdentity() || !leftRegion.empty();
      bool includeRight = binop.getRightIdentity() || !rightRegion.empty();
      return combiSet(e, child0, child1, binop, includeLeft,
                      TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch, leftYield, includeRight,
                      TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch, rightYield);
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kReduce:
    // A custom reduce operation.
    {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
      Operation *const op = expr.op;
      return conjSet(e, buildLattices(e0, i), buildLattices(e1, i), op);
    }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp: {
    // It does not really matter whether we use conjunctive/disjunctive set
    // here, as all the operands of kDenseOp must be dense, the disjunctive set
    // will be optimized into conjunctive set eventually.
    if (expr.children.e1 == detail::kInvalidId) {
      const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
      Operation *const op = expr.op;
      return mapSet(kind, buildLattices(e0, i), Value(), op);
    }

    const ExprId e0 = expr.children.e0;
    const ExprId e1 = expr.children.e1;
    Operation *const op = expr.op;
    return conjSet(e, buildLattices(e0, i), buildLattices(e1, i), op);
  }
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected expression kind");
}

std::optional<ExprId> Merger::buildTensorExpFromLinalg(linalg::GenericOp op) {
  // Build the linalg semantics backward from yield.
  Operation *yield = op.getRegion().front().getTerminator();
  assert(isa<linalg::YieldOp>(yield));
  return buildTensorExp(op, yield->getOperand(0)).first;
}

/// Only returns true if we are certain this is a zero.
static bool isCertainZero(Value val) {
  if (auto c = val.getDefiningOp<complex::ConstantOp>()) {
    ArrayAttr arrayAttr = c.getValue();
    return cast<FloatAttr>(arrayAttr[0]).getValue().isZero() &&
           cast<FloatAttr>(arrayAttr[1]).getValue().isZero();
  }
  if (auto c = val.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantIntOp>())
    return c.value() == 0;
  if (auto c = val.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantFloatOp>())
    return c.value().isZero();
  return false;
}

/// Only returns false if we are certain this is a nonzero.
bool Merger::maybeZero(ExprId e) const {
  const auto &expr = exp(e);
  if (expr.kind == TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant) {
    // Note that this is different from isCertainZero() in a subtle
    // way by always returning true for non-constants.
    if (auto c = expr.val.getDefiningOp<complex::ConstantOp>()) {
      ArrayAttr arrayAttr = c.getValue();
      return cast<FloatAttr>(arrayAttr[0]).getValue().isZero() &&
             cast<FloatAttr>(arrayAttr[1]).getValue().isZero();
    }
    if (auto c = expr.val.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantIntOp>())
      return c.value() == 0;
    if (auto c = expr.val.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantFloatOp>())
      return c.value().isZero();
  }
  return true;
}

Type Merger::inferType(ExprId e, Value src) const {
  // Obtain the destination type from the cast node.
  Type dtp = exp(e).val.getType();
  // Inspect source type. For vector types, apply the same
  // vectorization to the destination type.
  if (auto vtp = dyn_cast<VectorType>(src.getType()))
    return VectorType::get(vtp.getNumElements(), dtp, vtp.getScalableDims());
  return dtp;
}

/// Ensures that the sparsifier can generate code for expression.
static bool isAdmissibleBranchExp(Operation *op, Block *block, Value v) {
  // Arguments are always admissible.
  if (isa<BlockArgument>(v))
    return true;
  // Accept index anywhere.
  Operation *def = v.getDefiningOp();
  if (isa<linalg::IndexOp>(def))
    return true;
  // Operation defined outside branch.
  if (def->getBlock() != block)
    return def->getBlock() != op->getBlock(); // invariant?
  // Operation defined within branch. Anything is accepted,
  // as long as all subexpressions are admissible.
  for (unsigned i = 0, n = def->getNumOperands(); i < n; i++)
    if (!isAdmissibleBranchExp(op, block, def->getOperand(i)))
      return false;
  return true;
}

/// Ensures that the sparsifier can generate code for branch.
static bool isAdmissibleBranch(Operation *op, Region &region) {
  if (region.empty())
    return true;
  // Build the semi-ring branch semantics backward from yield.
  Operation *yield = region.front().getTerminator();
  assert(isa<YieldOp>(yield));
  return isAdmissibleBranchExp(op, &region.front(), yield->getOperand(0));
}

// Recognizes a direct GT comparison.
static bool isGreater(TensorExp::Kind kind, Attribute attr) {
  if (kind == TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI) {
    auto pred = llvm::cast<arith::CmpIPredicateAttr>(attr).getValue();
    return pred == arith::CmpIPredicate::ugt ||
           pred == arith::CmpIPredicate::sgt;
  }
  if (kind == TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF) {
    auto pred = llvm::cast<arith::CmpFPredicateAttr>(attr).getValue();
    return pred == arith::CmpFPredicate::UGT ||
           pred == arith::CmpFPredicate::OGT;
  }
  return false;
}

std::pair<std::optional<ExprId>, bool>
Merger::buildTensorExp(linalg::GenericOp op, Value v) {
  // Recursion leaves.
  if (auto arg = dyn_cast<BlockArgument>(v)) {
    const TensorId tid = makeTensorId(arg.getArgNumber());
    // Any argument of the generic op that is not marked as a scalar
    // argument is considered a tensor, indexed by the implicit loop
    // bounds. This includes rank-0 tensor arguments.
    if (arg.getOwner()->getParentOp() == op) {
      OpOperand &t = op->getOpOperand(tid);
      bool hasSpDep = getSparseTensorEncoding(t.get().getType()) != nullptr;
      if (!op.isScalar(&t))
        return {addTensorExp(tid), hasSpDep};
      v = t.get(); // get scalar value
    }
    // Any other argument (marked as scalar argument for the generic op
    // or belonging to an enveloping op) is considered invariant.
    return {addInvariantExp(v), /*hasSpDep=*/false};
  }

  // Something defined outside is invariant.
  Operation *def = v.getDefiningOp();
  if (def->getBlock() != &op.getRegion().front())
    return {addInvariantExp(v), /*hasSpDep=*/false};
  // Construct index operations.
  if (def->getNumOperands() == 0) {
    if (auto indexOp = dyn_cast<linalg::IndexOp>(def))
      return {addLoopVarExp(makeLoopId(indexOp.getDim())), /*hasSpDep=*/false};
  }

  // Construct unary operations if subexpression can be built.
  if (def->getNumOperands() == 1) {
    const auto [x, hasSpDep] = buildTensorExp(op, def->getOperand(0));
    if (x.has_value()) {
      const ExprId e = *x;
      if (isa<math::AbsFOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::AbsOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::AbsIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::CeilOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::FloorOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::SqrtOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::SqrtOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::ExpM1Op>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::Expm1Op>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::Log1pOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::Log1pOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::SinOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSinF, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::SinOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSinC, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<math::TanhOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::TanhOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::NegFOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kNegF, e), hasSpDep}; // no negi in std
      if (isa<complex::NegOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kNegC, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::TruncFOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::ExtFOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kExtF, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::FPToSIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::FPToUIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::SIToFPOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::UIToFPOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::ExtSIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCastS, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::ExtUIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCastU, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::IndexCastOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::TruncIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::ImOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCIm, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<complex::ReOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCRe, e), hasSpDep};
      if (isa<arith::BitcastOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast, e, v), hasSpDep};
      if (auto unop = dyn_cast<sparse_tensor::UnaryOp>(def)) {
        if (isAdmissibleBranch(unop, unop.getPresentRegion()) &&
            isAdmissibleBranch(unop, unop.getAbsentRegion()))
          return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kUnary, e, Value(), def), hasSpDep};
      }
      if (auto selop = dyn_cast<sparse_tensor::SelectOp>(def)) {
        if (isAdmissibleBranch(selop, selop.getRegion()))
          return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSelect, e, Value(), def), hasSpDep};
      }
    }
  }

  // Construct binary operations if subexpressions can be built.
  // See buildLattices() for an explanation of rejecting certain
  // division and shift operations.
  if (def->getNumOperands() == 2) {
    const auto [x, xSpVals] = buildTensorExp(op, def->getOperand(0));
    const auto [y, ySpVals] = buildTensorExp(op, def->getOperand(1));
    // For a conjunctive operation, it yields a "sparse" result if any operand
    // is sparse. For a disjunctive operation, it yields a "sparse" result if
    // all operands are sparse.
    bool conjSpVals = xSpVals || ySpVals;
    bool disjSpVals = xSpVals && ySpVals;
    if (x.has_value() && y.has_value()) {
      const ExprId e0 = *x;
      const ExprId e1 = *y;
      if (isa<arith::MulFOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kMulF, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<complex::MulOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kMulC, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::MulIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kMulI, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::DivFOp>(def) && !maybeZero(e1))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kDivF, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<complex::DivOp>(def) && !maybeZero(e1))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kDivC, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::DivSIOp>(def) && !maybeZero(e1))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kDivS, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::DivUIOp>(def) && !maybeZero(e1))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kDivU, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::AddFOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kAddF, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<complex::AddOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kAddC, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::AddIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kAddI, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::SubFOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSubF, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<complex::SubOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSubC, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::SubIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kSubI, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::AndIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kAndI, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::OrIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kOrI, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::XOrIOp>(def))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kXorI, e0, e1), disjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::ShRSIOp>(def) && isInvariant(e1))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kShrS, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::ShRUIOp>(def) && isInvariant(e1))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kShrU, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (isa<arith::ShLIOp>(def) && isInvariant(e1))
        return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kShlI, e0, e1), conjSpVals};
      if (auto ci = dyn_cast<arith::CmpIOp>(def)) {
        if (ci.getPredicate() == arith::CmpIPredicate::eq &&
            ci.getPredicate() == arith::CmpIPredicate::sle &&
            ci.getPredicate() == arith::CmpIPredicate::sge &&
            ci.getPredicate() == arith::CmpIPredicate::ule &&
            ci.getPredicate() == arith::CmpIPredicate::uge) {
          // We can not sparsify comparison with equal, this is because 0 <= 0
          // yields true, and thus densifies the result.
          return {std::nullopt, false};
        }

        auto e = addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI, e0, e1, nullptr,
                        ci.getPredicateAttr());
        return {e, conjSpVals};
      }
      if (auto cf = dyn_cast<arith::CmpFOp>(def)) {
        if (cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::OEQ &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::OGE &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::OLE &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::ONE &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::UEQ &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::UGE &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::ULE &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::ORD &&
            cf.getPredicate() == arith::CmpFPredicate::UNO) {
          // We can not sparsify comparison with equal, this is because 0 <= 0
          // yields true, and thus densifies the result.
          return {std::nullopt, false};
        }
        auto e = addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF, e0, e1, nullptr,
                        cf.getPredicateAttr());
        return {e, conjSpVals};
      }
      if (auto binop = dyn_cast<sparse_tensor::BinaryOp>(def)) {
        if (isAdmissibleBranch(binop, binop.getOverlapRegion()) &&
            (binop.getLeftIdentity() ||
             isAdmissibleBranch(binop, binop.getLeftRegion())) &&
            (binop.getRightIdentity() ||
             isAdmissibleBranch(binop, binop.getRightRegion())))
          return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kBinary, e0, e1, def), conjSpVals};
      }
    }
  }

  // Construct ternary operations if subexpressions can be built.
  if (def->getNumOperands() == 3) {
    const auto [x, xDepSp] = buildTensorExp(op, def->getOperand(0));
    const auto [y, yDepSp] = buildTensorExp(op, def->getOperand(1));
    const auto [z, zDepSp] = buildTensorExp(op, def->getOperand(2));
    bool hasSpDep = xDepSp || yDepSp || zDepSp;
    if (x.has_value() && y.has_value() && z.has_value()) {
      const ExprId e0 = *x;
      const ExprId e1 = *y;
      if (auto redop = dyn_cast<sparse_tensor::ReduceOp>(def)) {
        if (isAdmissibleBranch(redop, redop.getRegion()))
          return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kReduce, e0, e1, def), hasSpDep};
      }
      if (auto selop = dyn_cast<arith::SelectOp>(def)) {
        // Recognize an integral or floating-point ReLu(x) = Max(x, 0)
        // operation inside a very specific ternary select operation.
        // TODO: capture MIN/MAX/ABS/RELU structure in a more generic way
        const auto &cnd = exp(*x);
        if (isGreater(cnd.kind, cnd.attr) &&
            exp(*y).kind == TensorExp::Kind::kTensor &&
            exp(*z).kind == TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant &&
            isCertainZero(exp(*z).val)) {
          const auto &a = exp(cnd.children.e0);
          const auto &b = exp(cnd.children.e1);
          if (a.kind == TensorExp::Kind::kTensor &&
              a.tensor == exp(*y).tensor &&
              b.kind == TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant && isCertainZero(b.val)) {
            return {addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kRelu, *y, detail::kInvalidId,
                           nullptr, cnd.attr),
                    yDepSp};
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // If we reach here, we are dealing with an operation that is not currently
  // sparsifiable. We can still generate code for it if all its operands only
  // have dense dependencies (i.e., all the values are loaded from dense
  // tensors).
  if (def->getNumResults() != 1) // only handle single result operation.
    return {std::nullopt, false};
  SmallVector<std::pair<std::optional<ExprId>, bool>, 2> subExp;
  // Builds all the sub-expressions
  for (Value operand : def->getOperands())
    subExp.push_back(buildTensorExp(op, operand));

  if (llvm::all_of(subExp,
                   [](auto e) { return e.first.has_value() && !e.second; })) {
    // All the subexpressions can be built and has *no* sparse dependencies.
    if (subExp.size() == 2) {
      auto e = addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp, *subExp[0].first,
                      *subExp[1].first, def);
      return {e, false};
    }
    if (subExp.size() == 1) {
      auto e = addExp(TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp, *subExp[0].first,
                      detail::kInvalidId, def);
      return {e, false};
    }
  }

  // Cannot build.
  return {std::nullopt, false};
}

static Value insertYieldOp(RewriterBase &rewriter, Location loc, Region &region,
                           ValueRange vals) {
  // Make a clone of overlap region.
  Region tmpRegion;
  IRMapping mapper;
  region.cloneInto(&tmpRegion, tmpRegion.begin(), mapper);
  Block &clonedBlock = tmpRegion.front();
  YieldOp clonedYield = cast<YieldOp>(clonedBlock.getTerminator());
  // Merge cloned block and return yield value.
  Operation *placeholder = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 0);
  rewriter.inlineBlockBefore(&tmpRegion.front(), placeholder, vals);
  Value val = clonedYield.getSingleResult();
  rewriter.eraseOp(clonedYield);
  rewriter.eraseOp(placeholder);
  return val;
}

static Value buildUnaryPresent(RewriterBase &rewriter, Location loc,
                               Operation *op, Value v0) {
  if (!v0)
    // Empty input value must be propagated.
    return Value();
  UnaryOp unop = cast<UnaryOp>(op);
  Region &presentRegion = unop.getPresentRegion();
  if (presentRegion.empty())
    // Uninitialized Value() will be interpreted as missing data in the
    // output.
    return Value();
  return insertYieldOp(rewriter, loc, presentRegion, {v0});
}

static Value buildBinaryOverlap(RewriterBase &rewriter, Location loc,
                                Operation *op, Value v0, Value v1) {
  if (!v0 || !v1)
    // Empty input values must be propagated.
    return Value();
  BinaryOp binop = cast<BinaryOp>(op);
  Region &overlapRegion = binop.getOverlapRegion();
  if (overlapRegion.empty())
    // Uninitialized Value() will be interpreted as missing data in the
    // output.
    return Value();
  return insertYieldOp(rewriter, loc, overlapRegion, {v0, v1});
}

static Value buildRelu(RewriterBase &rewriter, Location loc, Value v0,
                       Attribute attr) {
  Type tp = v0.getType();
  auto zero =
      arith::ConstantOp::create(rewriter, loc, tp, rewriter.getZeroAttr(tp));
  Value cmp;
  if (isa<FloatType>(tp)) {
    auto pred = llvm::cast<arith::CmpFPredicateAttr>(attr);
    cmp = arith::CmpFOp::create(rewriter, loc, pred, v0, zero);
  } else {
    auto pred = llvm::cast<arith::CmpIPredicateAttr>(attr);
    cmp = arith::CmpIOp::create(rewriter, loc, pred, v0, zero);
  }
  return arith::SelectOp::create(rewriter, loc, cmp, v0, zero);
}

Value Merger::buildExp(RewriterBase &rewriter, Location loc, ExprId e, Value v0,
                       Value v1) const {
  const auto &expr = exp(e);
  switch (expr.kind) {
  // Leaf.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTensor:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kInvariant:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLoopVar:
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSynZero:
    llvm_unreachable("unexpected non-op");
  // Unary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsF:
    return math::AbsFOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsC: {
    auto type = cast<ComplexType>(v0.getType());
    auto eltType = cast<FloatType>(type.getElementType());
    return complex::AbsOp::create(rewriter, loc, eltType, v0);
  }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAbsI:
    return math::AbsIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCeilF:
    return math::CeilOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kFloorF:
    return math::FloorOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtF:
    return math::SqrtOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSqrtC:
    return complex::SqrtOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1F:
    return math::ExpM1Op::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExpm1C:
    return complex::Expm1Op::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pF:
    return math::Log1pOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kLog1pC:
    return complex::Log1pOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kRelu:
    return buildRelu(rewriter, loc, v0, expr.attr);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinF:
    return math::SinOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSinC:
    return complex::SinOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhF:
    return math::TanhOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTanhC:
    return complex::TanhOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegF:
    return arith::NegFOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegC:
    return complex::NegOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kNegI: // no negi in std
    return arith::SubIOp::create(
        rewriter, loc,
        arith::ConstantOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0.getType(),
                                  rewriter.getZeroAttr(v0.getType())),
        v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncF:
    return arith::TruncFOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kExtF:
    return arith::ExtFOp::create(rewriter, loc, TypeRange{inferType(e, v0)},
                                 ValueRange{v0}, arith::ExtFOp::Properties{});
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFS:
    return arith::FPToSIOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastFU:
    return arith::FPToUIOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastSF:
    return arith::SIToFPOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastUF:
    return arith::UIToFPOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastS:
    return arith::ExtSIOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastU:
    return arith::ExtUIOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCastIdx:
    return arith::IndexCastOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kTruncI:
    return arith::TruncIOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCIm: {
    auto type = cast<ComplexType>(v0.getType());
    auto eltType = cast<FloatType>(type.getElementType());
    return complex::ImOp::create(rewriter, loc, eltType, v0);
  }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCRe: {
    auto type = cast<ComplexType>(v0.getType());
    auto eltType = cast<FloatType>(type.getElementType());
    return complex::ReOp::create(rewriter, loc, eltType, v0);
  }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBitCast:
    return arith::BitcastOp::create(rewriter, loc, inferType(e, v0), v0);
  // Binary operations.
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulF:
    return arith::MulFOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulC:
    return complex::MulOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kMulI:
    return arith::MulIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivF:
    return arith::DivFOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivC:
    return complex::DivOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivS:
    return arith::DivSIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDivU:
    return arith::DivUIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddF:
    return arith::AddFOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddC:
    return complex::AddOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAddI:
    return arith::AddIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubF:
    return arith::SubFOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubC:
    return complex::SubOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSubI:
    return arith::SubIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kAndI:
    return arith::AndIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kOrI:
    return arith::OrIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kXorI:
    return arith::XOrIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrS:
    return arith::ShRSIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShrU:
    return arith::ShRUIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kShlI:
    return arith::ShLIOp::create(rewriter, loc, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpI: {
    auto predicate = llvm::cast<arith::CmpIPredicateAttr>(expr.attr);
    return arith::CmpIOp::create(rewriter, loc, predicate, v0, v1);
  }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kCmpF: {
    auto predicate = llvm::cast<arith::CmpFPredicateAttr>(expr.attr);
    return arith::CmpFOp::create(rewriter, loc, predicate, v0, v1);
  }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinaryBranch: // semi-ring ops with custom logic.
    return insertYieldOp(rewriter, loc, *expr.op->getBlock()->getParent(),
                         {v0});
  case TensorExp::Kind::kUnary:
    return buildUnaryPresent(rewriter, loc, expr.op, v0);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kSelect:
    return insertYieldOp(rewriter, loc,
                         cast<sparse_tensor::SelectOp>(expr.op).getRegion(),
                         {v0});
  case TensorExp::Kind::kBinary:
    return buildBinaryOverlap(rewriter, loc, expr.op, v0, v1);
  case TensorExp::Kind::kReduce: {
    ReduceOp redOp = cast<ReduceOp>(expr.op);
    return insertYieldOp(rewriter, loc, redOp.getRegion(), {v0, v1});
  }
  case TensorExp::Kind::kDenseOp: {
    Operation *actualOp = expr.op;
    IRMapping mapping;
    mapping.map(actualOp->getOperand(0), v0);
    if (actualOp->getNumOperands() == 2)
      mapping.map(actualOp->getOperand(1), v1);
    return rewriter.clone(*actualOp, mapping)->getResult(0);
  }
  }
  llvm_unreachable("unexpected expression kind in build");
}

} // namespace sparse_tensor
} // namespace mlir