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| <meta name="AUTHOR" content="pme@gcc.gnu.org (Phil Edwards)" /> |
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| <meta name="DESCRIPTION" content="Notes for the libstdc++ extensions." /> |
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| <title>libstdc++-v3 HOWTO: Extensions</title> |
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| title="Input/Output" /> |
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| |
| <h1 class="centered"><a name="top">Extensions</a></h1> |
| |
| <p>Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard extensions to |
| the library. Some of these are from SGI's STL, some of these are GNU's, |
| and some just seemed to appear on the doorstep. |
| </p> |
| <p><strong>Before you leap in and use these</strong>, be aware of two things: |
| </p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>Non-Standard means exactly that. The behavior, and the very |
| existence, of these extensions may change with little or no |
| warning. (Ideally, the really good ones will appear in the next |
| revision of C++.) Also, other platforms, other compilers, other |
| versions of g++ or libstdc++-v3 may not recognize these names, or |
| treat them differently, or... </li> |
| <li>You should know how to <a href="../faq/index.html#5_4">access |
| these headers properly</a>. </li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| |
| <!-- ####################################################### --> |
| <hr /> |
| <h1>Contents</h1> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#1">Ropes and trees and hashes, oh my!</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#2">Added members and types</a></li> |
| <li><a href="mt_allocator.html"><code>__mt_alloc</code> </a></li> |
| <li><a href="#4">Compile-time checks</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#5">LWG Issues</a></li> |
| <li><a href="../18_support/howto.html#6">Demangling</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <hr /> |
| |
| <!-- ####################################################### --> |
| |
| <h2><a name="1">Ropes and trees and hashes, oh my!</a></h2> |
| <p>The SGI headers</p> |
| <pre> |
| <bvector> |
| <hash_map> |
| <hash_set> |
| <rope> |
| <slist> |
| <tree> |
| </pre> |
| <p>are all here; <code><bvector></code> exposes the old bit_vector |
| class that was used before specialization of vector<bool> was |
| available (it's actually a typedef for the specialization now). |
| <code><hash_map></code> and <code><hash_set></code> |
| are discussed further below. <code><rope></code> is the SGI |
| specialization for large strings ("rope," "large |
| strings," get it? love those SGI folks). |
| <code><slist></code> is a singly-linked list, for when the |
| doubly-linked <code>list<></code> is too much space overhead, and |
| <code><tree></code> exposes the red-black tree classes used in the |
| implementation of the standard maps and sets. |
| </p> |
| <p>Okay, about those hashing classes... I'm going to foist most of the |
| work off onto SGI's own site. |
| </p> |
| <p>Each of the associative containers map, multimap, set, and multiset |
| have a counterpart which uses a |
| <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/HashFunction.html">hashing |
| function</a> to do the arranging, instead of a strict weak ordering |
| function. The classes take as one of their template parameters a |
| function object that will return the hash value; by default, an |
| instantiation of |
| <a href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/hash.html">hash</a>. |
| You should specialize this functor for your class, or define your own, |
| before trying to use one of the hashing classes. |
| </p> |
| <p>The hashing classes support all the usual associative container |
| functions, as well as some extra constructors specifying the number |
| of buckets, etc. |
| </p> |
| <p>Why would you want to use a hashing class instead of the |
| "normal" implementations? Matt Austern writes: |
| </p> |
| <blockquote><em>[W]ith a well chosen hash function, hash tables |
| generally provide much better average-case performance than binary |
| search trees, and much worse worst-case performance. So if your |
| implementation has hash_map, if you don't mind using nonstandard |
| components, and if you aren't scared about the possibility of |
| pathological cases, you'll probably get better performance from |
| hash_map.</em></blockquote> |
| <p>(Side note: for those of you wondering, <strong>"Why wasn't a hash |
| table included in the Standard in the first #!$@ place?"</strong> |
| I'll give a quick answer: it was proposed, but too late and in too |
| unorganized a fashion. Some sort of hashing will undoubtedly be |
| included in a future Standard.) |
| </p> |
| <p>Return <a href="#top">to top of page</a> or |
| <a href="../faq/index.html">to the FAQ</a>. |
| </p> |
| |
| <hr /> |
| <h2><a name="2">Added members and types</a></h2> |
| <p>Some of the classes in the Standard Library have additional |
| publicly-available members, and some classes are themselves not in |
| the standard. Of those, some are intended purely for the implementors, |
| for example, additional typedefs. Those won't be described here |
| (or anywhere else). |
| </p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>The extensions added by SGI are so numerous that they have |
| <a href="sgiexts.html">their own page</a>. Since the SGI STL is no |
| longer actively maintained, we will try and keep this code working |
| ourselves.</li> |
| <li>Extensions allowing <code>filebuf</code>s to be constructed from |
| stdio types are described in the |
| <a href="../27_io/howto.html#11">chapter 27 notes</a>.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Return <a href="#top">to top of page</a> or |
| <a href="../faq/index.html">to the FAQ</a>. |
| </p> |
| |
| <hr /> |
| <h2><a name="4">Compile-time checks</a></h2> |
| <p>Currently libstdc++-v3 uses the concept checkers from the Boost |
| library to perform <a href="../19_diagnostics/howto.html#3">optional |
| compile-time checking</a> of template instantiations of the standard |
| containers. They are described in the linked-to page. |
| </p> |
| <p>Return <a href="#top">to top of page</a> or |
| <a href="../faq/index.html">to the FAQ</a>. |
| </p> |
| |
| <hr /> |
| <h2><a name="5">LWG Issues</a></h2> |
| <p>Everybody's got issues. Even the C++ Standard Library. |
| </p> |
| <p>The Library Working Group, or LWG, is the ISO subcommittee responsible |
| for making changes to the library. They periodically publish an |
| Issues List containing problems and possible solutions. As they reach |
| a consensus on proposed solutions, we often incorporate the solution |
| into libstdc++-v3. |
| </p> |
| <p>Here are the issues which have resulted in code changes to the library. |
| The links are to the specific defect reports from a <strong>partial |
| copy</strong> of the Issues List. You can read the full version online |
| at the <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">ISO C++ |
| Committee homepage</a>, linked to on the |
| <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html">GCC "Readings" |
| page</a>. If |
| you spend a lot of time reading the issues, we recommend downloading |
| the ZIP file and reading them locally. |
| </p> |
| <p>(NB: <strong>partial copy</strong> means that not all links within |
| the lwg-*.html pages will work. |
| Specifically, links to defect reports that have not been accorded full |
| DR status will probably break. Rather than trying to mirror the |
| entire issues list on our overworked web server, we recommend you go |
| to the LWG homepage instead.) |
| </p> |
| <p> |
| If a DR is not listed here, we may simply not have gotten to it yet; |
| feel free to submit a patch. Search the include/bits and src |
| directories for appearances of _GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS for |
| examples of style. Note that we usually do not make changes to the code |
| until an issue has reached <a href="lwg-active.html#DR">DR</a> status. |
| </p> |
| <dl> |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#5">5</a>: |
| <em>string::compare specification questionable</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>This should be two overloaded functions rather than a single function. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#17">17</a>: |
| <em>Bad bool parsing</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Apparently extracting Boolean values was messed up... |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#19">19</a>: |
| <em>"Noconv" definition too vague</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>If <code>codecvt::do_in</code> returns <code>noconv</code> there are |
| no changes to the values in <code>[to, to_limit)</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#22">22</a>: |
| <em>Member open vs flags</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Re-opening a file stream does <em>not</em> clear the state flags. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#25">25</a>: |
| <em>String operator<< uses width() value wrong</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Padding issues. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#48">48</a>: |
| <em>Use of non-existent exception constructor</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>An instance of <code>ios_base::failure</code> is constructed instead. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#49">49</a>: |
| <em>Underspecification of ios_base::sync_with_stdio</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The return type is the <em>previous</em> state of synchronization. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#50">50</a>: |
| <em>Copy constructor and assignment operator of ios_base</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>These members functions are declared <code>private</code> and are |
| thus inaccessible. Specifying the correct semantics of |
| "copying stream state" was deemed too complicated. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#60">60</a>: |
| <em>What is a formatted input function?</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>This DR made many widespread changes to <code>basic_istream</code> |
| and <code>basic_ostream</code> all of which have been implemented. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#63">63</a>: |
| <em>Exception-handling policy for unformatted output</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Make the policy consistent with that of formatted input, unformatted |
| input, and formatted output. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#68">68</a>: |
| <em>Extractors for char* should store null at end</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>And they do now. An editing glitch in the last item in the list of |
| [27.6.1.2.3]/7. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#74">74</a>: |
| <em>Garbled text for codecvt::do_max_length</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The text of the standard was gibberish. Typos gone rampant. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#75">75</a>: |
| <em>Contradiction in codecvt::length's argument types</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Change the first parameter to <code>stateT&</code> and implement |
| the new effects paragraph. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#83">83</a>: |
| <em>string::npos vs. string::max_size()</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Safety checks on the size of the string should test against |
| <code>max_size()</code> rather than <code>npos</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#90">90</a>: |
| <em>Incorrect description of operator>> for strings</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The effect contain <code>isspace(c,getloc())</code> which must be |
| replaced by <code>isspace(c,is.getloc())</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#91">91</a>: |
| <em>Description of operator>> and getline() for string<> |
| might cause endless loop</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>They behave as a formatted input function and as an unformatted |
| input function, respectively (except that <code>getline</code> is |
| not required to set <code>gcount</code>). |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#103">103</a>: |
| <em>set::iterator is required to be modifiable, but this allows |
| modification of keys.</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>For associative containers where the value type is the same as |
| the key type, both <code>iterator</code> and <code>const_iterator |
| </code> are constant iterators. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#109">109</a>: |
| <em>Missing binders for non-const sequence elements</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The <code>binder1st</code> and <code>binder2nd</code> didn't have an |
| <code>operator()</code> taking a non-const parameter. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#110">110</a>: |
| <em>istreambuf_iterator::equal not const</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>This was not a const member function. Note that the DR says to |
| replace the function with a const one; we have instead provided an |
| overloaded version with identical contents. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#117">117</a>: |
| <em>basic_ostream uses nonexistent num_put member functions</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd><code>num_put::put()</code> was overloaded on the wrong types. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#118">118</a>: |
| <em>basic_istream uses nonexistent num_get member functions</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Same as 117, but for <code>num_get::get()</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#129">129</a>: |
| <em>Need error indication from seekp() and seekg()</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>These functions set <code>failbit</code> on error now. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#136">136</a>: |
| <em>seekp, seekg setting wrong streams?</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd><code>seekp</code> should only set the output stream, and |
| <code>seekg</code> should only set the input stream. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <!--<dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#159">159</a>: |
| <em>Strange use of underflow()</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>In fstream.tcc, the basic_filebuf<>::showmanyc() function |
| should probably not be calling <code>underflow()</code>. |
| </dd> --> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#167">167</a>: |
| <em>Improper use of traits_type::length()</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd><code>op<<</code> with a <code>const char*</code> was |
| calculating an incorrect number of characters to write. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#169">169</a>: |
| <em>Bad efficiency of overflow() mandated</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Grow efficiently the internal array object. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#171">171</a>: |
| <em>Strange seekpos() semantics due to joint position</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Quite complex to summarize... |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#181">181</a>: |
| <em>make_pair() unintended behavior</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>This function used to take its arguments as reference-to-const, now |
| it copies them (pass by value). |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#195">195</a>: |
| <em>Should basic_istream::sentry's constructor ever set eofbit?</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Yes, it can, specifically if EOF is reached while skipping whitespace. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#211">211</a>: |
| <em>operator>>(istream&, string&) doesn't set failbit</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>If nothing is extracted into the string, <code>op>></code> now |
| sets <code>failbit</code> (which can cause an exception, etc., etc.). |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#214">214</a>: |
| <em>set::find() missing const overload</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Both <code>set</code> and <code>multiset</code> were missing |
| overloaded find, lower_bound, upper_bound, and equal_range functions |
| for const instances. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#231">231</a>: |
| <em>Precision in iostream?</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>For conversion from a floating-point type, <code>str.precision()</code> |
| is specified in the conversion specification. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-active.html#233">233</a>: |
| <em>Insertion hints in associative containers</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Implement N1780, first check before then check after, insert as close |
| to hint as possible. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#235">235</a>: |
| <em>No specification of default ctor for reverse_iterator</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The declaration of <code>reverse_iterator</code> lists a default constructor. |
| However, no specification is given what this constructor should do. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#241">241</a>: |
| <em>Does unique_copy() require CopyConstructible and Assignable?</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Add an helper for forward_iterator/output_iterator, fix the existing |
| one for input_iterator/output_iterator not to rely on Assignability. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#243">243</a>: |
| <em>get and getline when sentry reports failure</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Store a null character only if the character array has a non-zero size. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#251">251</a>: |
| <em>basic_stringbuf missing allocator_type</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>This nested typedef was originally not specified. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#253">253</a>: |
| <em>valarray helper functions are almost entirely useless</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Make the copy constructor and copy-assignment operator declarations |
| public in gslice_array, indirect_array, mask_array, slice_array; provide |
| definitions. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#265">265</a>: |
| <em>std::pair::pair() effects overly restrictive</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The default ctor would build its members from copies of temporaries; |
| now it simply uses their respective default ctors. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#266">266</a>: |
| <em>bad_exception::~bad_exception() missing Effects clause</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The <code>bad_</code>* classes no longer have destructors (they |
| are trivial), since no description of them was ever given. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#271">271</a>: |
| <em>basic_iostream missing typedefs</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>The typedefs it inherits from its base classes can't be used, since |
| (for example) <code>basic_iostream<T>::traits_type</code> is ambiguous. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#275">275</a>: |
| <em>Wrong type in num_get::get() overloads</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Similar to 118. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#280">280</a>: |
| <em>Comparison of reverse_iterator to const reverse_iterator</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Add global functions with two template parameters. |
| (NB: not added for now a templated assignment operator) |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#292">292</a>: |
| <em>Effects of a.copyfmt (a)</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>If <code>(this == &rhs)</code> do nothing. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#300">300</a>: |
| <em>List::merge() specification incomplete</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>If <code>(this == &x)</code> do nothing. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#303">303</a>: |
| <em>Bitset input operator underspecified</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Basically, compare the input character to <code>is.widen(0)</code> |
| and <code>is.widen(1)</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#305">305</a>: |
| <em>Default behavior of codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::length()</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Do not specify what <code>codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length</code> |
| must return. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#328">328</a>: |
| <em>Bad sprintf format modifier in money_put<>::do_put()</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Change the format string to "%.0Lf". |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#365">365</a>: |
| <em>Lack of const-qualification in clause 27</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Add const overloads of <code>is_open</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#389">389</a>: |
| <em>Const overload of valarray::operator[] returns by value</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Change it to return a <code>const T&</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#402">402</a>: |
| <em>Wrong new expression in [some_]allocator::construct</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Replace "new" with "::new". |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#409">409</a>: |
| <em>Closing an fstream should clear the error state</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Have <code>open</code> clear the error flags. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-active.html#431">431</a>: |
| <em>Swapping containers with unequal allocators</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Implement Option 3, as per N1599. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#432">432</a>: |
| <em>432. stringbuf::overflow() makes only one write position |
| available</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Implement the resolution, beyond DR 169. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#434">434</a>: |
| <em>bitset::to_string() hard to use</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Add three overloads, taking fewer template arguments. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#453">453</a>: |
| <em>basic_stringbuf::seekoff need not always fail for an empty stream</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Don't fail if the next pointer is null and newoff is zero. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#455">455</a>: |
| <em>cerr::tie() and wcerr::tie() are overspecified</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Initialize cerr tied to cout and wcerr tied to wcout. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#464">464</a>: |
| <em>Suggestion for new member functions in standard containers</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Add <code>data()</code> to <code>std::vector</code> and |
| <code>at(const key_type&)</code> to <code>std::map</code>. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#508">508</a>: |
| <em>Bad parameters for ranlux64_base_01</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Fix the parameters. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-closed.html#512">512</a>: |
| <em>Seeding subtract_with_carry_01 from a single unsigned long</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Construct a <code>linear_congruential</code> engine and seed with it. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-defects.html#538">538</a>: |
| <em>241 again: Does unique_copy() require CopyConstructible |
| and Assignable?</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>In case of input_iterator/output_iterator rely on Assignability of |
| input_iterator' value_type. |
| </dd> |
| |
| <dt><a href="lwg-active.html#586">586</a>: |
| <em>string inserter not a formatted function</em> |
| </dt> |
| <dd>Change it to be a formatted output function (i.e. catch exceptions). |
| </dd> |
| <!-- |
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| </dt> |
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