HOWTO - using the library with perf   {#howto_perf}
===================================

@brief Using command line perf and OpenCSD to collect and decode trace.

This HOWTO explains how to use the perf cmd line tools and the openCSD
library to collect and extract program flow traces generated by the
CoreSight IP blocks on a Linux system. The examples have been generated using
an aarch64 Juno-r0 platform.

Note on building OpenCSD and Kernel/Perf Versions
-------------------------------------------------

OpenCSD is developed independently of the linux kernel and perf, though the ABI between
the library and the perf tool generally remains stable. This ABI is formed of a stream of
decoded packets from the library to the tool.

The exception to this is when new ARM architecture results in significant changes to trace
elements and therefore to the decoder. This can then change the interface between the OpenCSD
library and client program i.e. `perf`, introducing new packet types. When this occurs, patches
for perf are submitted to the kernel at the same time as the decoder is updated. 

The general advice is to always use the latest versions of OpenCSD and kernel/perf.

However the following points should be noted if this is not possible:

- perf build enforces a minimum version of OpenCSD that it will compile against.

- building perf from an older kernel against an OpenCSD version later than the minimum
  version will generally work, unless the version of OpenCSD has packet types that are
  not supported in the cs_etm_decoder handling code in perf. This may result in a build
  error such as enum types not supported.

- The minimum version of kernel recommended is 5.16. However there is some limited support
  for older kernels at present in the form of backports at:-
  
  <https://gitlab.arm.com/linux-arm/linux-coresight-backports>

  See the auto-fdo documentation (@ref older_kernels) for more information on older kernels.


On Target Trace Acquisition - Perf Record
-----------------------------------------

Compile the perf tool from the same kernel source code version you are using with:
	
	make -C tools/perf
	
This will yield a `perf` executable that will support CoreSight trace collection.

*Note:* If traces are to be decompressed **off** target, there is no need to download
and compile the openCSD library (on the target).

If you are instead planning to use perf to record and decode the trace on the target,
compile the perf tool linking against the openCSD library, in the following way:

	make -C tools/perf VF=1 CORESIGHT=1

Further information on the needed build environments and options are detailed later 
in the section **Off Target Perf Tools Compilation**.

Before launching a trace run a sink that will collect trace data needs to be
identified.  All CoreSight blocks identified by the framework are registed in
sysFS:


    linaro@linaro-nano:~$ ls /sys/bus/coresight/devices/
    etm0  etm2  etm4  etm6  funnel0  funnel2  funnel4      stm0      tmc_etr0
    etm1  etm3  etm5  etm7  funnel1  funnel3  replicator0  tmc_etf0


CoreSight blocks are listed in the device tree for a specific system and
discovered at boot time.  Since tracers can be linked to more than one sink,
the sink that will receive trace data needs to be identified and given as an
option on the perf command line.  Once a sink has been identify trace collection
can start.  An easy and yet interesting example is the `uname` command:

    linaro@linaro-nano:~/kernel$ ./tools/perf/perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/ --per-thread uname

This will generate a `perf.data` file where execution has been traced for both
user and kernel space.  To narrow the field to either user or kernel space the
`u` and `k` options can be specified.  For example the following will limit
traces to user space:


    linaro@linaro-nano:~/kernel$ ./tools/perf/perf record -vvv -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --per-thread uname
    Problems setting modules path maps, continuing anyway...
    -----------------------------------------------------------
    perf_event_attr:
      type                             8
      size                             112
      { sample_period, sample_freq }   1
      sample_type                      IP|TID|IDENTIFIER
      read_format                      ID
      disabled                         1
      exclude_kernel                   1
      exclude_hv                       1
      enable_on_exec                   1
      sample_id_all                    1
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    sys_perf_event_open: pid 11375  cpu -1  group_fd -1  flags 0x8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    perf_event_attr:
      type                             1
      size                             112
      config                           0x9
      { sample_period, sample_freq }   1
      sample_type                      IP|TID|IDENTIFIER
      read_format                      ID
      disabled                         1
      exclude_kernel                   1
      exclude_hv                       1
      mmap                             1
      comm                             1
      enable_on_exec                   1
      task                             1
      sample_id_all                    1
      mmap2                            1
      comm_exec                        1
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    sys_perf_event_open: pid 11375  cpu -1  group_fd -1  flags 0x8
    mmap size 266240B
    AUX area mmap length 131072
    perf event ring buffer mmapped per thread
    Synthesizing auxtrace information
    Linux
    auxtrace idx 0 old 0 head 0x11ea0 diff 0x11ea0
    [ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
    overlapping maps:
     7f99daf000-7f99db0000 0 [vdso]
     7f99d84000-7f99db3000 0 /lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/ld-2.21.so
     7f99d84000-7f99daf000 0 /lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/ld-2.21.so
     7f99db0000-7f99db3000 0 /lib/aarch64-linux-gnu/ld-2.21.so
    failed to write feature 8
    failed to write feature 9
    failed to write feature 14
    [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.072 MB perf.data ]

    linaro@linaro-nano:~/kernel$ ls -l ~/.debug/ perf.data
    _-rw------- 1 linaro linaro 77888 Mar  2 20:41 perf.data

    /home/linaro/.debug/:
    total 16
    drwxr-xr-x 2 linaro linaro 4096 Mar  2 20:40 [kernel.kallsyms]
    drwxr-xr-x 2 linaro linaro 4096 Mar  2 20:40 [vdso]
    drwxr-xr-x 3 linaro linaro 4096 Mar  2 20:40 bin
    drwxr-xr-x 3 linaro linaro 4096 Mar  2 20:40 lib

Trace data filtering
--------------------
The amount of traces generated by CoreSight tracers is staggering, event for
the most simple trace scenario.  Reducing trace generation to specific areas
of interest is desirable to save trace buffer space and avoid getting lost in
the trace data that isn't relevant.  Supplementing the 'k' and 'u' options
described above is the notion of address filters.

On CoreSight two types of address filter have been implemented - address range
and start/stop filter:

**Address range filters:**
With address range filters traces are generated if the instruction pointer
falls within the specified range.  Any work done by the CPU outside of that
range will not be traced.  Address range filters can be specified for both
user and kernel space session:

    perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/k --filter 'filter 0xffffff8008562d0c/0x48' --per-thread uname

    perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --filter 'filter 0x72c/0x40@/opt/lib/libcstest.so.1.0' --per-thread ./main

When dealing with kernel space trace addresses are typically taken in the
'System.map' file.  In user space addresses are relocatable and can be
extracted from an objdump output:

    $ aarch64-linux-gnu-objdump  -d libcstest.so.1.0
    ...
    ...
    000000000000072c <coresight_test1>:		<------------ Beginning of traces
     72c:	d10083ff 	sub	sp, sp, #0x20
     730:	b9000fe0 	str	w0, [sp,#12]
     734:	b9001fff 	str	wzr, [sp,#28]
     738:	14000007 	b	754 <coresight_test1+0x28>
     73c:	b9400fe0 	ldr	w0, [sp,#12]
     740:	11000800 	add	w0, w0, #0x2
     744:	b9000fe0 	str	w0, [sp,#12]
     748:	b9401fe0 	ldr	w0, [sp,#28]
     74c:	11000400 	add	w0, w0, #0x1
     750:	b9001fe0 	str	w0, [sp,#28]
     754:	b9401fe0 	ldr	w0, [sp,#28]
     758:	7100101f 	cmp	w0, #0x4
     75c:	54ffff0d 	b.le	73c <coresight_test1+0x10>
     760:	b9400fe0 	ldr	w0, [sp,#12]
     764:	910083ff 	add	sp, sp, #0x20
     768:	d65f03c0 	ret
    ...
    ...

Following the address the amount of byte is specified and if tracing in user
space, the full path to the binary (or library) being traced.

**Start/Stop filters:**
With start/stop filters traces are generated when the instruction pointer is
equal to the start address.  Incidentally traces stop being generated when the
insruction pointer is equal to the stop address.  Anything that happens between
there to events is traced:

    perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/k --filter 'start 0xffffff800856bc50,stop 0xffffff800856bcb0' --per-thread  uname

    perf record -vvv -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/u --filter 'start 0x72c@/opt/lib/libcstest.so.1.0,    \
                                                         stop 0x40082c@/home/linaro/main'          \
                                                     --per-thread ./main

**Limitation on address filters:**
The only limitation on address filters is the amount of address comparator
found on an implementation and the mutual exclusion between range and
start stop filters.  As such the following example would _not_ work:

    perf record -e cs_etm/@tmc_etr0/k --filter 'start 0xffffff800856bc50,stop 0xffffff800856bcb0, \  // start/stop
                                                    filter 0x72c/0x40@/opt/lib/libcstest.so.1.0'      \  // address range
                                                    --per-thread  uname

Additional Trace Options
------------------------
Additional options can be used during trace collection that add information to the captured trace.

- Timestamps: These packets are added to the trace streams to allow correlation of different sources where tools support this.
- Cycle Counts: These packets are added to get a count of cycles for blocks of executed instructions. Adding cycle counts will considerably increase the amount of generated trace.
The relationship between cycle counts and executed instructions differs according to the trace protocol.
For example, the ETMv4 protocol will emit counts for groups of instructions according to a minimum count threshold.
Presently this threshold is fixed at 256 cycles for `perf record`.

Command line options in `perf record` to use these features are part of the options for the `cs_etm` event:

    perf record -e cs_etm/timestamp,cycacc,@tmc_etr0/ --per-thread uname

At current version,  `perf record` and `perf script` do not use this additional information.

The cs_etm perf event
---------------------

System information for this perf pmu event can be found at: 

	/sys/devices/cs_etm

This contains internal format of the parameters described above:	

	root@linaro-developer:~# ls /sys/devices/cs_etm/format
	contextid  cycacc  retstack  sinkid  timestamp

and names of registered sinks:
	
	root@linaro-developer:~# ls /sys/devices/cs_etm/sinks
	tmc_etf0  tmc_etr0  tpiu0

Note: The `sinkid` parameter is there to document the usage of a 32-bit internal parameter to
pass the sink name used in the cs_etm/@sink/ command to the kernel drivers. It can be used 
directly as cs_etm/sinkid=<hash_value>/ but this is not recommended as the values used are 
considered opaque and subject to changes.

On Target Trace Collection
--------------------------
The entire program flow will have been recorded in the `perf.data` file.
Information about libraries and executable is stored under `$HOME/.debug`:

    linaro@linaro-nano:~/kernel$ tree ~/.debug
    .debug
    ├── [kernel.kallsyms]
    │   └── 0542921808098d591a7acba5a1163e8991897669
    │       └── kallsyms
    ├── [vdso]
    │   └── 551fbbe29579eb63be3178a04c16830b8d449769
    │       └── vdso
    ├── bin
    │   └── uname
    │       └── ed95e81f97c4471fb2ccc21e356b780eb0c92676
    │           └── elf
    └── lib
        └── aarch64-linux-gnu
            ├── ld-2.21.so
            │   └── 94912dc5a1dc8c7ef2c4e4649d4b1639b6ebc8b7
            │       └── elf
            └── libc-2.21.so
                └── 169a143e9c40cfd9d09695333e45fd67743cd2d6
                    └── elf

    13 directories, 5 files
    linaro@linaro-nano:~/kernel$


All this information needs to be collected in order to successfully decode
traces off target:

    linaro@linaro-nano:~/kernel$ tar czf results.trace.tgz perf.data ~/.debug


Note that file `vmlinux` should also be added to the bundle if kernel traces
have also been collected.

This `results.trace.tgz` can then be transferred to the host for decoding.

Off Target OpenCSD Compilation
------------------------------
The openCSD library is not part of the perf tools.  It is available on
[github][1] and needs to be compiled before the perf tools. Checkout the
required branch/tag version into a local directory.

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight$ git clone https://github.com/Linaro/OpenCSD.git my-opencsd
    Cloning into 'OpenCSD'...
    remote: Counting objects: 2063, done.
    remote: Total 2063 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 2063
    Receiving objects: 100% (2063/2063), 2.51 MiB | 1.24 MiB/s, done.
    Resolving deltas: 100% (1399/1399), done.
    Checking connectivity... done.
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight$ ls my-opencsd
    decoder LICENSE  README.md HOWTO.md TODO

Once the source code has been acquired compilation of the openCSD library can
take place. By default this will build for the current host into the `./decoder/lib/builddir`
directory.

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight$ cd my-opencsd
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd$ ls ./decoder/build/linux
    makefile  makefile.dev rctdl_c_api_lib  ref_trace_decode_lib 

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd$ make -C decoder/build/linux
    ...
    ...

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd$ ls ./decoder/lib/builddir
    libopencsd.a  libopencsd_c_api.so  libopencsd_c_api.so.1.5.5  libopencsd.so.1  libopencsd_c_api.a
    libopencsd_c_api.so.1  libopencsd.so libopencsd.so.1.5.5

From there the header file and libraries need to be installed on the system,
something that requires root privileges.  The default installation path is
/usr/include/opencsd for the header files and /usr/lib/ for the libraries:

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd$ sudo make -C decoder/build/linux  install
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd$ ls -l /usr/include/opencsd
    total 60
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Feb 25 13:51 c_api
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Feb 25 13:51 ete
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Feb 25 13:51 etmv3
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Feb 25 13:51 etmv4
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 34668 Feb 25 13:51 ocsd_if_types.h
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  2561 Feb 25 13:51 ocsd_if_version.h
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Feb 25 13:51 ptm
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 Feb 25 13:51 stm
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10452 Feb 25 13:51 trc_gen_elem_types.h
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  3972 Feb 25 13:51 trc_pkt_types.h

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd$ ls -al /usr/lib/libopencsd*

    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1709380 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd.a
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  152314 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd_c_api.a
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      21 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd_c_api.so -> libopencsd_c_api.so.1
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      25 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd_c_api.so.1 -> libopencsd_c_api.so.1.5.5
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   98816 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd_c_api.so.1.5.5
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      15 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd.so -> libopencsd.so.1
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root      19 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd.so.1 -> libopencsd.so.1.5.5
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  797680 Feb 25 13:51 /usr/lib/libopencsd.so.1.5.5


A "clean_install" target is also available so that openCSD installed files can
be removed from a system.  Going forward the goal is to have the openCSD library
packaged as a Debian or RPM archive so that it can be installed from a
distribution without having to be compiled.

Complete information on building and installing the library can be found in build_libs.md (@ref build_lib)

Off Target Perf Tools Compilation
---------------------------------

As mentioned above the openCSD library is not part of the perf tools' code base
and needs to be installed on a system prior to compilation.  Information about
the status of the openCSD library on a system is given at compile time by the
perf tools build script:

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/linux-kernel$ make CORESIGHT=1 VF=1 -C tools/perf
    Auto-detecting system features:
    ...                         dwarf: [ on  ]
    ...            dwarf_getlocations: [ on  ]
    ...                         glibc: [ on  ]
    ...                          gtk2: [ on  ]
    ...                      libaudit: [ on  ]
    ...                        libbfd: [ OFF ]
    ...                        libelf: [ on  ]
    ...                       libnuma: [ OFF ]
    ...        numa_num_possible_cpus: [ OFF ]
    ...                       libperl: [ on  ]
    ...                     libpython: [ on  ]
    ...                      libslang: [ on  ]
    ...                     libcrypto: [ on  ]
    ...                     libunwind: [ OFF ]
    ...            libdw-dwarf-unwind: [ on  ]
    ...                          zlib: [ on  ]
    ...                          lzma: [ OFF ]
    ...                     get_cpuid: [ on  ]
    ...                           bpf: [ on  ]
    ...                    libopencsd: [ on  ]  <-------


If libopencsd is not installed, or the version is too old for correct compilation,
then an error will be issued and compilation will fail.

At the end of the compilation a new perf binary is available in `tools/perf/`,
which we can verify is linked to `libopencsd`:

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/linux-kernel$ ldd tools/perf/perf
	linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff135db000)
	libpthread.so.0 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f15f9176000)
	librt.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/librt.so.1 (0x00007f15f8f6e000)
	libm.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libm.so.6 (0x00007f15f8c64000)
	libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f15f8a60000)
    libopencsd_c_api.so.1 => /usr/lib/libopencsd_c_api.so.1 (0x00007f5645cfb000)   <-------
	libelf.so.1 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libelf.so.1 (0x00007f15f8635000)
	libdw.so.1 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdw.so.1 (0x00007f15f83ec000)
	libaudit.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libaudit.so.1 (0x00007f15f81c5000)
	libslang.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libslang.so.2 (0x00007f15f7e38000)
	libperl.so.5.22 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libperl.so.5.22 (0x00007f15f7a5d000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f15f7693000)
	libpython2.7.so.1.0 => /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpython2.7.so.1.0 (0x00007f15f7104000)
	libz.so.1 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libz.so.1 (0x00007f15f6eea000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000559b88038000)

Additional debug output from the decoder can be compiled in by setting the
`CSTRACE_RAW` environment variable at build time. Setting this to `packed` gets trace frame
output as follows:-

    Frame Data; Index    576;    RAW_PACKED; d6 d6 d6 d6 d6 d6 d6 d6 fc fb d6 d6 d6 d6 e0 7f 
    Frame Data; Index    576;   ID_DATA[0x14]; d7 d6 d7 d6 d7 d6 d7 d6 fd fb d7 d6 d7 d6 e0
    
Set to any other value will remove the RAW_PACKED lines.

Working with an alternate version of the openCSD library
--------------------------------------------------------
When compiling the perf tools it is possible to reference another version of
the openCSD library than the one installed on the system.  This is useful when
working with multiple development trees or having the desire to keep system
libraries intact.  Two environment variable are available to tell the perf tools
build script where to get the header file and libraries, namely CSINCLUDES and
CSLIBS:

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/linux-kernel$ export CSINCLUDES=~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd/decoder/include/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/linux-kernel$ export CSLIBS=~/linaro/coresight/my-opencsd/decoder/lib/builddir/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/linux-kernel$ make CORESIGHT=1 VF=1 -C tools/perf

This will have the effect of compiling and linking against the provided library.
Since the system's openCSD library is in the loader's search patch the
LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable needs to be set.

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/linux-kernel$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$CSLIBS


Trace Decoding with Perf Report
-------------------------------
Trace bundles can be extracted anywhere and have no dependencies on where the perf tools and openCSD library have been compiled.
Take the results file from the target and extract into a working directory (e.g. the `results.trace.tgz` file from above)

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight$ mkdir trace-results
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight$ cd trace-results
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ scp <path/to/target>/~/kernel/results.trace.tgz .
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ tar xf results.trace.tgz
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ ls -la
    total 1312
    drwxrwxr-x 3 linaro linaro    4096 Mar  3 10:26 .
    drwxrwxr-x 5 linaro linaro    4096 Mar  3 10:13 ..
    drwxr-xr-x 7 linaro linaro    4096 Feb 24 12:21 .debug
    -rw------- 1 linaro linaro   78016 Feb 24 12:21 perf.data
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 linaro linaro 1245881 Feb 24 12:25 results.trace.tgz

Perf is expecting files related to the trace capture (`perf.data`) to be located in the `buildid` directory.
By default this is under `~/.debug`.  Alternatively the default `buildid` directory can be changed 
using the command:

     perf config --system buildid.dir=/my/own/buildid/dir

This example will remove the current `~/.debug` directory to be sure everything is clean.  

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ rm -rf ~/.debug
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ cp -dpR .debug ~/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ ../perf-opencsd-master/tools/perf/perf report --stdio

    # To display the perf.data header info, please use --header/--header-only options.
    #
    #
    # Total Lost Samples: 0
    #
    # Samples: 0  of event 'cs_etm//u'
    # Event count (approx.): 0
    #
    # Children      Self  Command  Shared Object  Symbol
    # ........  ........  .......  .............  ......
    #


    # Samples: 0  of event 'dummy:u'
    # Event count (approx.): 0
    #
    # Children      Self  Command  Shared Object  Symbol
    # ........  ........  .......  .............  ......
    #


    # Samples: 115K of event 'instructions:u'
    # Event count (approx.): 522009
    #
    # Children      Self  Command  Shared Object     Symbol                
    # ........  ........  .......  ................  ......................
    #
         4.13%     4.13%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x0000000000078758
         3.81%     3.81%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x0000000000078e50
         2.06%     2.06%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x00000000000fcaf4
         1.65%     1.65%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x00000000000fcae4
         1.59%     1.59%  uname    ld-2.21.so        [.] 0x000000000000a7f4
         1.50%     1.50%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x0000000000078e40
         1.43%     1.43%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x00000000000fcac4
         1.31%     1.31%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x000000000002f0c0
         1.26%     1.26%  uname    ld-2.21.so        [.] 0x0000000000016888
         1.24%     1.24%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x0000000000078e7c 
         1.24%     1.24%  uname    libc-2.21.so      [.] 0x00000000000fcab8
    ...

Additional data can be obtained, which contains a dump of the trace packets received using the command 

    mjl@ubuntu-vbox:./perf-opencsd-master/coresight/tools/perf/perf report --stdio --dump

resulting a large amount of data, trace looking like:-

    0x618 [0x30]: PERF_RECORD_AUXTRACE size: 0x11ef0  offset: 0  ref: 0x4d881c1f13216016  idx: 0  tid: 15244  cpu: -1

    . ... CoreSight ETM Trace data: size 73456 bytes

      0: I_ASYNC : Alignment Synchronisation.
      12: I_TRACE_INFO : Trace Info.
      17: I_TRACE_ON : Trace On.
      18: I_ADDR_CTXT_L_64IS0 : Address & Context, Long, 64 bit, IS0.; Addr=0x0000007F89F24D80; Ctxt: AArch64,EL0, NS; 
      28: I_ATOM_F6 : Atom format 6.; EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
      29: I_ATOM_F6 : Atom format 6.; EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
      30: I_ATOM_F6 : Atom format 6.; EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
      32: I_ATOM_F6 : Atom format 6.; EEEEN
      33: I_ATOM_F1 : Atom format 1.; E
      34: I_EXCEPT : Exception.;  Data Fault; Ret Addr Follows;
      36: I_ADDR_L_64IS0 : Address, Long, 64 bit, IS0.; Addr=0x0000007F89F2832C; 
      45: I_ADDR_CTXT_L_64IS0 : Address & Context, Long, 64 bit, IS0.; Addr=0xFFFFFFC000083400; Ctxt: AArch64,EL1, NS; 
      56: I_TRACE_ON : Trace On.
      57: I_ADDR_CTXT_L_64IS0 : Address & Context, Long, 64 bit, IS0.; Addr=0x0000007F89F2832C; Ctxt: AArch64,EL0, NS; 
      68: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; NEE
      69: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; NEN
      70: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; NNE
      71: I_ATOM_F5 : Atom format 5.; ENENE
      72: I_ATOM_F5 : Atom format 5.; NENEN
      73: I_ATOM_F5 : Atom format 5.; ENENE
      74: I_ATOM_F5 : Atom format 5.; NENEN
      75: I_ATOM_F5 : Atom format 5.; ENENE
      76: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; NNE
      77: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; NNE
      78: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; NNE
      80: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; NNE
      81: I_ATOM_F3 : Atom format 3.; ENN
      82: I_EXCEPT : Exception.;  Data Fault; Ret Addr Follows;
      84: I_ADDR_L_64IS0 : Address, Long, 64 bit, IS0.; Addr=0x0000007F89F283F0; 
      93: I_ADDR_CTXT_L_64IS0 : Address & Context, Long, 64 bit, IS0.; Addr=0xFFFFFFC000083400; Ctxt: AArch64,EL1, NS; 
      104: I_TRACE_ON : Trace On.
      105: I_ADDR_CTXT_L_64IS0 : Address & Context, Long, 64 bit, IS0.; Addr=0x0000007F89F283F0; Ctxt: AArch64,EL0, NS; 
      116: I_ATOM_F5 : Atom format 5.; NNNNN
      117: I_ATOM_F5 : Atom format 5.; NNNNN


Trace Decoding with Perf Script 
-------------------------------
Working with perf scripts needs more command line options but yields
interesting results.

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ export EXEC_PATH=/home/linaro/coresight/perf-opencsd-master/tools/perf/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ export SCRIPT_PATH=$EXEC_PATH/scripts/python/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ export XTOOL_PATH=/your/aarch64/toolchain/path/bin/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ ../perf-opencsd-master/tools/perf/perf --exec-path=${EXEC_PATH} script --script=python:${SCRIPT_PATH}/arm-cs-trace-disasm.py -- -d ${XTOOL_PATH}/aarch64-linux-gnu-objdump

              7f89f24d80:   910003e0        mov     x0, sp
              7f89f24d84:   94000d53        bl      7f89f282d0 <free@plt+0x3790>
              7f89f282d0:   d11203ff        sub     sp, sp, #0x480
              7f89f282d4:   a9ba7bfd        stp     x29, x30, [sp,#-96]!
              7f89f282d8:   910003fd        mov     x29, sp
              7f89f282dc:   a90363f7        stp     x23, x24, [sp,#48]
              7f89f282e0:   9101e3b7        add     x23, x29, #0x78
              7f89f282e4:   a90573fb        stp     x27, x28, [sp,#80]
              7f89f282e8:   a90153f3        stp     x19, x20, [sp,#16]
              7f89f282ec:   aa0003fb        mov     x27, x0
              7f89f282f0:   910a82e1        add     x1, x23, #0x2a0
              7f89f282f4:   a9025bf5        stp     x21, x22, [sp,#32]
              7f89f282f8:   a9046bf9        stp     x25, x26, [sp,#64]
              7f89f282fc:   910102e0        add     x0, x23, #0x40
              7f89f28300:   f800841f        str     xzr, [x0],#8
              7f89f28304:   eb01001f        cmp     x0, x1
              7f89f28308:   54ffffc1        b.ne    7f89f28300 <free@plt+0x37c0>
              7f89f28300:   f800841f        str     xzr, [x0],#8
              7f89f28304:   eb01001f        cmp     x0, x1
              7f89f28308:   54ffffc1        b.ne    7f89f28300 <free@plt+0x37c0>
              7f89f28300:   f800841f        str     xzr, [x0],#8
              7f89f28304:   eb01001f        cmp     x0, x1
              7f89f28308:   54ffffc1        b.ne    7f89f28300 <free@plt+0x37c0>

Kernel Trace Decoding
---------------------

When dealing with kernel space traces the vmlinux file has to be communicated
explicitely to perf using the "--vmlinux" command line option:

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ ../perf-opencsd-master/tools/perf/perf report --stdio --vmlinux=./vmlinux
    ...
    ...
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ ../perf-opencsd-master/tools/perf/perf script --vmlinux=./vmlinux

When using scripts things get a little more convoluted.  Using the same example
an above but for traces but for kernel traces, the command line becomes:

    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ export EXEC_PATH=/home/linaro/coresight/perf-opencsd-master/tools/perf/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ export SCRIPT_PATH=$EXEC_PATH/scripts/python/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ export XTOOL_PATH=/your/aarch64/toolchain/path/bin/
    linaro@t430:~/linaro/coresight/trace-results$ ../perf-opencsd-master/tools/perf/perf --exec-path=${EXEC_PATH} script	\
							--vmlinux=./vmlinux					\
							--script=python:${SCRIPT_PATH}/arm-cs-trace-disasm.py --	\
							-d ${XTOOLS_PATH}/aarch64-linux-gnu-objdump		\
							-k ./vmlinux
    ...
    ...

The option "--vmlinux=./vmlinux" is interpreted by the "perf script" command
the same way it is for "perf report".  The option "-k ./vmlinux" is dependant
on the script being executed and has no related to the "--vmlinux", though it
is highly advised to keep them synchronized.


Perf Test Environment Scripts
-----------------------------

The decoder library comes with a number of `bash` scripts that ease the setting up of the
offline build and test environment for perf, and executing tests. 

These scripts can be found in

    decoder/tests/perf-test-scripts

There are three scripts provided:

- `perf-setup-env.bash`    : this sets up all the environment variables mentioned above.
- `perf-test-report.bash`  : this runs `perf report` - using the environment setup by `perf-setup-env.bash`
- `perf-test-script.bash`  : this runs `perf script` - using the environment setup by `perf-setup-env.bash`

Use as follows:-

1. Prior to building perf, edit `perf-setup-env.bash` to conform to your environment. There are four lines at the top of the file that will require editing.

2. Execute the script using the command:

        source perf-setup-env.bash

   This will set up a perf execute environment for using the perf report and script commands.
	
   Alternatively use the command:
   
		source perf-setup-env.base buildenv
		
   This will add in the build environment variables mentioned in the sections on building above alongside the
   environment for using the used by the `perf-test...` scripts to run the tests.

3. Build perf as described above.
4. Follow the instructions for downloading the test capture, or create a capture from your target.
5. Copy the `perf-test...` scripts into the capture data directory -> the one that contains `perf.data`.

6. The scripts can now be run. No options are required for the default operation, but any command line options will be added to the perf report / perf script command line.

e.g.

        ./perf-test-report.bash --dump 

will add the --dump option to the end of the command line and run

        ${PERF_EXEC_PATH}/perf report --stdio --dump


Generating coverage files for Feedback Directed Optimization: AutoFDO
---------------------------------------------------------------------

See autofdo.md (@ref AutoFDO) for details and scripts.


The Linaro CoreSight Team
-------------------------
- Mike Leach
- Mathieu Poirier


One Last Thing
--------------
We welcome help on this project.  If you would like to add features or help
improve the way things work, we want to hear from you.

Best regards,
*The Linaro CoreSight Team*

--------------------------------------
[1]: https://github.com/Linaro/OpenCSD