//===-- combined.h ----------------------------------------------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#ifndef SCUDO_COMBINED_H_
#define SCUDO_COMBINED_H_

#include "chunk.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "flags.h"
#include "flags_parser.h"
#include "local_cache.h"
#include "memtag.h"
#include "options.h"
#include "quarantine.h"
#include "report.h"
#include "secondary.h"
#include "stack_depot.h"
#include "string_utils.h"
#include "tsd.h"

#include "scudo/interface.h"

#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
#include "gwp_asan/guarded_pool_allocator.h"
#include "gwp_asan/optional/backtrace.h"
#include "gwp_asan/optional/segv_handler.h"
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS

extern "C" inline void EmptyCallback() {}

#ifdef HAVE_ANDROID_UNSAFE_FRAME_POINTER_CHASE
// This function is not part of the NDK so it does not appear in any public
// header files. We only declare/use it when targeting the platform.
extern "C" size_t android_unsafe_frame_pointer_chase(scudo::uptr *buf,
                                                     size_t num_entries);
#endif

namespace scudo {

template <class Params, void (*PostInitCallback)(void) = EmptyCallback>
class Allocator {
public:
  using PrimaryT = typename Params::Primary;
  using CacheT = typename PrimaryT::CacheT;
  typedef Allocator<Params, PostInitCallback> ThisT;
  typedef typename Params::template TSDRegistryT<ThisT> TSDRegistryT;

  void callPostInitCallback() {
    static pthread_once_t OnceControl = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
    pthread_once(&OnceControl, PostInitCallback);
  }

  struct QuarantineCallback {
    explicit QuarantineCallback(ThisT &Instance, CacheT &LocalCache)
        : Allocator(Instance), Cache(LocalCache) {}

    // Chunk recycling function, returns a quarantined chunk to the backend,
    // first making sure it hasn't been tampered with.
    void recycle(void *Ptr) {
      Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
      Chunk::loadHeader(Allocator.Cookie, Ptr, &Header);
      if (UNLIKELY(Header.State != Chunk::State::Quarantined))
        reportInvalidChunkState(AllocatorAction::Recycling, Ptr);

      Chunk::UnpackedHeader NewHeader = Header;
      NewHeader.State = Chunk::State::Available;
      Chunk::compareExchangeHeader(Allocator.Cookie, Ptr, &NewHeader, &Header);

      if (allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>())
        Ptr = untagPointer(Ptr);
      void *BlockBegin = Allocator::getBlockBegin(Ptr, &NewHeader);
      Cache.deallocate(NewHeader.ClassId, BlockBegin);
    }

    // We take a shortcut when allocating a quarantine batch by working with the
    // appropriate class ID instead of using Size. The compiler should optimize
    // the class ID computation and work with the associated cache directly.
    void *allocate(UNUSED uptr Size) {
      const uptr QuarantineClassId = SizeClassMap::getClassIdBySize(
          sizeof(QuarantineBatch) + Chunk::getHeaderSize());
      void *Ptr = Cache.allocate(QuarantineClassId);
      // Quarantine batch allocation failure is fatal.
      if (UNLIKELY(!Ptr))
        reportOutOfMemory(SizeClassMap::getSizeByClassId(QuarantineClassId));

      Ptr = reinterpret_cast<void *>(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr) +
                                     Chunk::getHeaderSize());
      Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header = {};
      Header.ClassId = QuarantineClassId & Chunk::ClassIdMask;
      Header.SizeOrUnusedBytes = sizeof(QuarantineBatch);
      Header.State = Chunk::State::Allocated;
      Chunk::storeHeader(Allocator.Cookie, Ptr, &Header);

      // Reset tag to 0 as this chunk may have been previously used for a tagged
      // user allocation.
      if (UNLIKELY(useMemoryTagging<Params>(Allocator.Primary.Options.load())))
        storeTags(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr),
                  reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr) + sizeof(QuarantineBatch));

      return Ptr;
    }

    void deallocate(void *Ptr) {
      const uptr QuarantineClassId = SizeClassMap::getClassIdBySize(
          sizeof(QuarantineBatch) + Chunk::getHeaderSize());
      Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
      Chunk::loadHeader(Allocator.Cookie, Ptr, &Header);

      if (UNLIKELY(Header.State != Chunk::State::Allocated))
        reportInvalidChunkState(AllocatorAction::Deallocating, Ptr);
      DCHECK_EQ(Header.ClassId, QuarantineClassId);
      DCHECK_EQ(Header.Offset, 0);
      DCHECK_EQ(Header.SizeOrUnusedBytes, sizeof(QuarantineBatch));

      Chunk::UnpackedHeader NewHeader = Header;
      NewHeader.State = Chunk::State::Available;
      Chunk::compareExchangeHeader(Allocator.Cookie, Ptr, &NewHeader, &Header);
      Cache.deallocate(QuarantineClassId,
                       reinterpret_cast<void *>(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr) -
                                                Chunk::getHeaderSize()));
    }

  private:
    ThisT &Allocator;
    CacheT &Cache;
  };

  typedef GlobalQuarantine<QuarantineCallback, void> QuarantineT;
  typedef typename QuarantineT::CacheT QuarantineCacheT;

  void initLinkerInitialized() {
    performSanityChecks();

    // Check if hardware CRC32 is supported in the binary and by the platform,
    // if so, opt for the CRC32 hardware version of the checksum.
    if (&computeHardwareCRC32 && hasHardwareCRC32())
      HashAlgorithm = Checksum::HardwareCRC32;

    if (UNLIKELY(!getRandom(&Cookie, sizeof(Cookie))))
      Cookie = static_cast<u32>(getMonotonicTime() ^
                                (reinterpret_cast<uptr>(this) >> 4));

    initFlags();
    reportUnrecognizedFlags();

    // Store some flags locally.
    if (getFlags()->may_return_null)
      Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::MayReturnNull);
    if (getFlags()->zero_contents)
      Primary.Options.setFillContentsMode(ZeroFill);
    else if (getFlags()->pattern_fill_contents)
      Primary.Options.setFillContentsMode(PatternOrZeroFill);
    if (getFlags()->dealloc_type_mismatch)
      Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::DeallocTypeMismatch);
    if (getFlags()->delete_size_mismatch)
      Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::DeleteSizeMismatch);
    if (allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>() &&
        systemSupportsMemoryTagging())
      Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::UseMemoryTagging);
    Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::UseOddEvenTags);

    QuarantineMaxChunkSize =
        static_cast<u32>(getFlags()->quarantine_max_chunk_size);

    Stats.initLinkerInitialized();
    const s32 ReleaseToOsIntervalMs = getFlags()->release_to_os_interval_ms;
    Primary.initLinkerInitialized(ReleaseToOsIntervalMs);
    Secondary.initLinkerInitialized(&Stats, ReleaseToOsIntervalMs);

    Quarantine.init(
        static_cast<uptr>(getFlags()->quarantine_size_kb << 10),
        static_cast<uptr>(getFlags()->thread_local_quarantine_size_kb << 10));
  }

  // Initialize the embedded GWP-ASan instance. Requires the main allocator to
  // be functional, best called from PostInitCallback.
  void initGwpAsan() {
#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    gwp_asan::options::Options Opt;
    Opt.Enabled = getFlags()->GWP_ASAN_Enabled;
    Opt.MaxSimultaneousAllocations =
        getFlags()->GWP_ASAN_MaxSimultaneousAllocations;
    Opt.SampleRate = getFlags()->GWP_ASAN_SampleRate;
    Opt.InstallSignalHandlers = getFlags()->GWP_ASAN_InstallSignalHandlers;
    // Embedded GWP-ASan is locked through the Scudo atfork handler (via
    // Allocator::disable calling GWPASan.disable). Disable GWP-ASan's atfork
    // handler.
    Opt.InstallForkHandlers = false;
    Opt.Backtrace = gwp_asan::backtrace::getBacktraceFunction();
    GuardedAlloc.init(Opt);

    if (Opt.InstallSignalHandlers)
      gwp_asan::segv_handler::installSignalHandlers(
          &GuardedAlloc, Printf,
          gwp_asan::backtrace::getPrintBacktraceFunction(),
          gwp_asan::backtrace::getSegvBacktraceFunction());
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
  }

  ALWAYS_INLINE void initThreadMaybe(bool MinimalInit = false) {
    TSDRegistry.initThreadMaybe(this, MinimalInit);
  }

  void reset() { memset(this, 0, sizeof(*this)); }

  void unmapTestOnly() {
    TSDRegistry.unmapTestOnly();
    Primary.unmapTestOnly();
#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    if (getFlags()->GWP_ASAN_InstallSignalHandlers)
      gwp_asan::segv_handler::uninstallSignalHandlers();
    GuardedAlloc.uninitTestOnly();
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
  }

  TSDRegistryT *getTSDRegistry() { return &TSDRegistry; }

  // The Cache must be provided zero-initialized.
  void initCache(CacheT *Cache) {
    Cache->initLinkerInitialized(&Stats, &Primary);
  }

  // Release the resources used by a TSD, which involves:
  // - draining the local quarantine cache to the global quarantine;
  // - releasing the cached pointers back to the Primary;
  // - unlinking the local stats from the global ones (destroying the cache does
  //   the last two items).
  void commitBack(TSD<ThisT> *TSD) {
    Quarantine.drain(&TSD->QuarantineCache,
                     QuarantineCallback(*this, TSD->Cache));
    TSD->Cache.destroy(&Stats);
  }

  ALWAYS_INLINE void *getHeaderTaggedPointer(void *Ptr) {
    if (!allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>())
      return Ptr;
    auto UntaggedPtr = untagPointer(Ptr);
    if (UntaggedPtr != Ptr)
      return UntaggedPtr;
    // Secondary, or pointer allocated while memory tagging is unsupported or
    // disabled. The tag mismatch is okay in the latter case because tags will
    // not be checked.
    return addHeaderTag(Ptr);
  }

  ALWAYS_INLINE uptr addHeaderTag(uptr Ptr) {
    if (!allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>())
      return Ptr;
    return addFixedTag(Ptr, 2);
  }

  ALWAYS_INLINE void *addHeaderTag(void *Ptr) {
    return reinterpret_cast<void *>(addHeaderTag(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr)));
  }

  NOINLINE u32 collectStackTrace() {
#ifdef HAVE_ANDROID_UNSAFE_FRAME_POINTER_CHASE
    // Discard collectStackTrace() frame and allocator function frame.
    constexpr uptr DiscardFrames = 2;
    uptr Stack[MaxTraceSize + DiscardFrames];
    uptr Size =
        android_unsafe_frame_pointer_chase(Stack, MaxTraceSize + DiscardFrames);
    Size = Min<uptr>(Size, MaxTraceSize + DiscardFrames);
    return Depot.insert(Stack + Min<uptr>(DiscardFrames, Size), Stack + Size);
#else
    return 0;
#endif
  }

  uptr computeOddEvenMaskForPointerMaybe(Options Options, uptr Ptr,
                                         uptr ClassId) {
    if (!Options.get(OptionBit::UseOddEvenTags))
      return 0;

    // If a chunk's tag is odd, we want the tags of the surrounding blocks to be
    // even, and vice versa. Blocks are laid out Size bytes apart, and adding
    // Size to Ptr will flip the least significant set bit of Size in Ptr, so
    // that bit will have the pattern 010101... for consecutive blocks, which we
    // can use to determine which tag mask to use.
    return 0x5555U << ((Ptr >> SizeClassMap::getSizeLSBByClassId(ClassId)) & 1);
  }

  NOINLINE void *allocate(uptr Size, Chunk::Origin Origin,
                          uptr Alignment = MinAlignment,
                          bool ZeroContents = false) {
    initThreadMaybe();

#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    if (UNLIKELY(GuardedAlloc.shouldSample())) {
      if (void *Ptr = GuardedAlloc.allocate(roundUpTo(Size, Alignment)))
        return Ptr;
    }
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS

    const Options Options = Primary.Options.load();
    const FillContentsMode FillContents = ZeroContents ? ZeroFill
                                          : TSDRegistry.getDisableMemInit()
                                              ? NoFill
                                              : Options.getFillContentsMode();

    if (UNLIKELY(Alignment > MaxAlignment)) {
      if (Options.get(OptionBit::MayReturnNull))
        return nullptr;
      reportAlignmentTooBig(Alignment, MaxAlignment);
    }
    if (Alignment < MinAlignment)
      Alignment = MinAlignment;

    // If the requested size happens to be 0 (more common than you might think),
    // allocate MinAlignment bytes on top of the header. Then add the extra
    // bytes required to fulfill the alignment requirements: we allocate enough
    // to be sure that there will be an address in the block that will satisfy
    // the alignment.
    const uptr NeededSize =
        roundUpTo(Size, MinAlignment) +
        ((Alignment > MinAlignment) ? Alignment : Chunk::getHeaderSize());

    // Takes care of extravagantly large sizes as well as integer overflows.
    static_assert(MaxAllowedMallocSize < UINTPTR_MAX - MaxAlignment, "");
    if (UNLIKELY(Size >= MaxAllowedMallocSize)) {
      if (Options.get(OptionBit::MayReturnNull))
        return nullptr;
      reportAllocationSizeTooBig(Size, NeededSize, MaxAllowedMallocSize);
    }
    DCHECK_LE(Size, NeededSize);

    void *Block = nullptr;
    uptr ClassId = 0;
    uptr SecondaryBlockEnd = 0;
    if (LIKELY(PrimaryT::canAllocate(NeededSize))) {
      ClassId = SizeClassMap::getClassIdBySize(NeededSize);
      DCHECK_NE(ClassId, 0U);
      bool UnlockRequired;
      auto *TSD = TSDRegistry.getTSDAndLock(&UnlockRequired);
      Block = TSD->Cache.allocate(ClassId);
      // If the allocation failed, the most likely reason with a 32-bit primary
      // is the region being full. In that event, retry in each successively
      // larger class until it fits. If it fails to fit in the largest class,
      // fallback to the Secondary.
      if (UNLIKELY(!Block)) {
        while (ClassId < SizeClassMap::LargestClassId && !Block)
          Block = TSD->Cache.allocate(++ClassId);
        if (!Block)
          ClassId = 0;
      }
      if (UnlockRequired)
        TSD->unlock();
    }
    if (UNLIKELY(ClassId == 0))
      Block = Secondary.allocate(Options, Size, Alignment, &SecondaryBlockEnd,
                                 FillContents);

    if (UNLIKELY(!Block)) {
      if (Options.get(OptionBit::MayReturnNull))
        return nullptr;
      reportOutOfMemory(NeededSize);
    }

    const uptr BlockUptr = reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Block);
    const uptr UnalignedUserPtr = BlockUptr + Chunk::getHeaderSize();
    const uptr UserPtr = roundUpTo(UnalignedUserPtr, Alignment);

    void *Ptr = reinterpret_cast<void *>(UserPtr);
    void *TaggedPtr = Ptr;
    if (LIKELY(ClassId)) {
      // We only need to zero or tag the contents for Primary backed
      // allocations. We only set tags for primary allocations in order to avoid
      // faulting potentially large numbers of pages for large secondary
      // allocations. We assume that guard pages are enough to protect these
      // allocations.
      //
      // FIXME: When the kernel provides a way to set the background tag of a
      // mapping, we should be able to tag secondary allocations as well.
      //
      // When memory tagging is enabled, zeroing the contents is done as part of
      // setting the tag.
      if (UNLIKELY(useMemoryTagging<Params>(Options))) {
        uptr PrevUserPtr;
        Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
        const uptr BlockSize = PrimaryT::getSizeByClassId(ClassId);
        const uptr BlockEnd = BlockUptr + BlockSize;
        // If possible, try to reuse the UAF tag that was set by deallocate().
        // For simplicity, only reuse tags if we have the same start address as
        // the previous allocation. This handles the majority of cases since
        // most allocations will not be more aligned than the minimum alignment.
        //
        // We need to handle situations involving reclaimed chunks, and retag
        // the reclaimed portions if necessary. In the case where the chunk is
        // fully reclaimed, the chunk's header will be zero, which will trigger
        // the code path for new mappings and invalid chunks that prepares the
        // chunk from scratch. There are three possibilities for partial
        // reclaiming:
        //
        // (1) Header was reclaimed, data was partially reclaimed.
        // (2) Header was not reclaimed, all data was reclaimed (e.g. because
        //     data started on a page boundary).
        // (3) Header was not reclaimed, data was partially reclaimed.
        //
        // Case (1) will be handled in the same way as for full reclaiming,
        // since the header will be zero.
        //
        // We can detect case (2) by loading the tag from the start
        // of the chunk. If it is zero, it means that either all data was
        // reclaimed (since we never use zero as the chunk tag), or that the
        // previous allocation was of size zero. Either way, we need to prepare
        // a new chunk from scratch.
        //
        // We can detect case (3) by moving to the next page (if covered by the
        // chunk) and loading the tag of its first granule. If it is zero, it
        // means that all following pages may need to be retagged. On the other
        // hand, if it is nonzero, we can assume that all following pages are
        // still tagged, according to the logic that if any of the pages
        // following the next page were reclaimed, the next page would have been
        // reclaimed as well.
        uptr TaggedUserPtr;
        if (getChunkFromBlock(BlockUptr, &PrevUserPtr, &Header) &&
            PrevUserPtr == UserPtr &&
            (TaggedUserPtr = loadTag(UserPtr)) != UserPtr) {
          uptr PrevEnd = TaggedUserPtr + Header.SizeOrUnusedBytes;
          const uptr NextPage = roundUpTo(TaggedUserPtr, getPageSizeCached());
          if (NextPage < PrevEnd && loadTag(NextPage) != NextPage)
            PrevEnd = NextPage;
          TaggedPtr = reinterpret_cast<void *>(TaggedUserPtr);
          resizeTaggedChunk(PrevEnd, TaggedUserPtr + Size, BlockEnd);
          if (UNLIKELY(FillContents != NoFill && !Header.OriginOrWasZeroed)) {
            // If an allocation needs to be zeroed (i.e. calloc) we can normally
            // avoid zeroing the memory now since we can rely on memory having
            // been zeroed on free, as this is normally done while setting the
            // UAF tag. But if tagging was disabled per-thread when the memory
            // was freed, it would not have been retagged and thus zeroed, and
            // therefore it needs to be zeroed now.
            memset(TaggedPtr, 0,
                   Min(Size, roundUpTo(PrevEnd - TaggedUserPtr,
                                       archMemoryTagGranuleSize())));
          } else if (Size) {
            // Clear any stack metadata that may have previously been stored in
            // the chunk data.
            memset(TaggedPtr, 0, archMemoryTagGranuleSize());
          }
        } else {
          const uptr OddEvenMask =
              computeOddEvenMaskForPointerMaybe(Options, BlockUptr, ClassId);
          TaggedPtr = prepareTaggedChunk(Ptr, Size, OddEvenMask, BlockEnd);
        }
        storePrimaryAllocationStackMaybe(Options, Ptr);
      } else {
        Block = addHeaderTag(Block);
        Ptr = addHeaderTag(Ptr);
        if (UNLIKELY(FillContents != NoFill)) {
          // This condition is not necessarily unlikely, but since memset is
          // costly, we might as well mark it as such.
          memset(Block, FillContents == ZeroFill ? 0 : PatternFillByte,
                 PrimaryT::getSizeByClassId(ClassId));
        }
      }
    } else {
      Block = addHeaderTag(Block);
      Ptr = addHeaderTag(Ptr);
      if (UNLIKELY(useMemoryTagging<Params>(Options))) {
        storeTags(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Block), reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr));
        storeSecondaryAllocationStackMaybe(Options, Ptr, Size);
      }
    }

    Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header = {};
    if (UNLIKELY(UnalignedUserPtr != UserPtr)) {
      const uptr Offset = UserPtr - UnalignedUserPtr;
      DCHECK_GE(Offset, 2 * sizeof(u32));
      // The BlockMarker has no security purpose, but is specifically meant for
      // the chunk iteration function that can be used in debugging situations.
      // It is the only situation where we have to locate the start of a chunk
      // based on its block address.
      reinterpret_cast<u32 *>(Block)[0] = BlockMarker;
      reinterpret_cast<u32 *>(Block)[1] = static_cast<u32>(Offset);
      Header.Offset = (Offset >> MinAlignmentLog) & Chunk::OffsetMask;
    }
    Header.ClassId = ClassId & Chunk::ClassIdMask;
    Header.State = Chunk::State::Allocated;
    Header.OriginOrWasZeroed = Origin & Chunk::OriginMask;
    Header.SizeOrUnusedBytes =
        (ClassId ? Size : SecondaryBlockEnd - (UserPtr + Size)) &
        Chunk::SizeOrUnusedBytesMask;
    Chunk::storeHeader(Cookie, Ptr, &Header);

    if (UNLIKELY(&__scudo_allocate_hook))
      __scudo_allocate_hook(TaggedPtr, Size);

    return TaggedPtr;
  }

  NOINLINE void deallocate(void *Ptr, Chunk::Origin Origin, uptr DeleteSize = 0,
                           UNUSED uptr Alignment = MinAlignment) {
    // For a deallocation, we only ensure minimal initialization, meaning thread
    // local data will be left uninitialized for now (when using ELF TLS). The
    // fallback cache will be used instead. This is a workaround for a situation
    // where the only heap operation performed in a thread would be a free past
    // the TLS destructors, ending up in initialized thread specific data never
    // being destroyed properly. Any other heap operation will do a full init.
    initThreadMaybe(/*MinimalInit=*/true);

#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    if (UNLIKELY(GuardedAlloc.pointerIsMine(Ptr))) {
      GuardedAlloc.deallocate(Ptr);
      return;
    }
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS

    if (UNLIKELY(&__scudo_deallocate_hook))
      __scudo_deallocate_hook(Ptr);

    if (UNLIKELY(!Ptr))
      return;
    if (UNLIKELY(!isAligned(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr), MinAlignment)))
      reportMisalignedPointer(AllocatorAction::Deallocating, Ptr);

    void *TaggedPtr = Ptr;
    Ptr = getHeaderTaggedPointer(Ptr);

    Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
    Chunk::loadHeader(Cookie, Ptr, &Header);

    if (UNLIKELY(Header.State != Chunk::State::Allocated))
      reportInvalidChunkState(AllocatorAction::Deallocating, Ptr);

    const Options Options = Primary.Options.load();
    if (Options.get(OptionBit::DeallocTypeMismatch)) {
      if (UNLIKELY(Header.OriginOrWasZeroed != Origin)) {
        // With the exception of memalign'd chunks, that can be still be free'd.
        if (Header.OriginOrWasZeroed != Chunk::Origin::Memalign ||
            Origin != Chunk::Origin::Malloc)
          reportDeallocTypeMismatch(AllocatorAction::Deallocating, Ptr,
                                    Header.OriginOrWasZeroed, Origin);
      }
    }

    const uptr Size = getSize(Ptr, &Header);
    if (DeleteSize && Options.get(OptionBit::DeleteSizeMismatch)) {
      if (UNLIKELY(DeleteSize != Size))
        reportDeleteSizeMismatch(Ptr, DeleteSize, Size);
    }

    quarantineOrDeallocateChunk(Options, TaggedPtr, &Header, Size);
  }

  void *reallocate(void *OldPtr, uptr NewSize, uptr Alignment = MinAlignment) {
    initThreadMaybe();

    const Options Options = Primary.Options.load();
    if (UNLIKELY(NewSize >= MaxAllowedMallocSize)) {
      if (Options.get(OptionBit::MayReturnNull))
        return nullptr;
      reportAllocationSizeTooBig(NewSize, 0, MaxAllowedMallocSize);
    }

    void *OldTaggedPtr = OldPtr;
    OldPtr = getHeaderTaggedPointer(OldPtr);

    // The following cases are handled by the C wrappers.
    DCHECK_NE(OldPtr, nullptr);
    DCHECK_NE(NewSize, 0);

#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    if (UNLIKELY(GuardedAlloc.pointerIsMine(OldPtr))) {
      uptr OldSize = GuardedAlloc.getSize(OldPtr);
      void *NewPtr = allocate(NewSize, Chunk::Origin::Malloc, Alignment);
      if (NewPtr)
        memcpy(NewPtr, OldPtr, (NewSize < OldSize) ? NewSize : OldSize);
      GuardedAlloc.deallocate(OldPtr);
      return NewPtr;
    }
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS

    if (UNLIKELY(!isAligned(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(OldPtr), MinAlignment)))
      reportMisalignedPointer(AllocatorAction::Reallocating, OldPtr);

    Chunk::UnpackedHeader OldHeader;
    Chunk::loadHeader(Cookie, OldPtr, &OldHeader);

    if (UNLIKELY(OldHeader.State != Chunk::State::Allocated))
      reportInvalidChunkState(AllocatorAction::Reallocating, OldPtr);

    // Pointer has to be allocated with a malloc-type function. Some
    // applications think that it is OK to realloc a memalign'ed pointer, which
    // will trigger this check. It really isn't.
    if (Options.get(OptionBit::DeallocTypeMismatch)) {
      if (UNLIKELY(OldHeader.OriginOrWasZeroed != Chunk::Origin::Malloc))
        reportDeallocTypeMismatch(AllocatorAction::Reallocating, OldPtr,
                                  OldHeader.OriginOrWasZeroed,
                                  Chunk::Origin::Malloc);
    }

    void *BlockBegin = getBlockBegin(OldTaggedPtr, &OldHeader);
    uptr BlockEnd;
    uptr OldSize;
    const uptr ClassId = OldHeader.ClassId;
    if (LIKELY(ClassId)) {
      BlockEnd = reinterpret_cast<uptr>(BlockBegin) +
                 SizeClassMap::getSizeByClassId(ClassId);
      OldSize = OldHeader.SizeOrUnusedBytes;
    } else {
      BlockEnd = SecondaryT::getBlockEnd(BlockBegin);
      OldSize = BlockEnd - (reinterpret_cast<uptr>(OldTaggedPtr) +
                            OldHeader.SizeOrUnusedBytes);
    }
    // If the new chunk still fits in the previously allocated block (with a
    // reasonable delta), we just keep the old block, and update the chunk
    // header to reflect the size change.
    if (reinterpret_cast<uptr>(OldTaggedPtr) + NewSize <= BlockEnd) {
      if (NewSize > OldSize || (OldSize - NewSize) < getPageSizeCached()) {
        Chunk::UnpackedHeader NewHeader = OldHeader;
        NewHeader.SizeOrUnusedBytes =
            (ClassId ? NewSize
                     : BlockEnd -
                           (reinterpret_cast<uptr>(OldTaggedPtr) + NewSize)) &
            Chunk::SizeOrUnusedBytesMask;
        Chunk::compareExchangeHeader(Cookie, OldPtr, &NewHeader, &OldHeader);
        if (UNLIKELY(useMemoryTagging<Params>(Options))) {
          if (ClassId) {
            resizeTaggedChunk(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(OldTaggedPtr) + OldSize,
                              reinterpret_cast<uptr>(OldTaggedPtr) + NewSize,
                              BlockEnd);
            storePrimaryAllocationStackMaybe(Options, OldPtr);
          } else {
            storeSecondaryAllocationStackMaybe(Options, OldPtr, NewSize);
          }
        }
        return OldTaggedPtr;
      }
    }

    // Otherwise we allocate a new one, and deallocate the old one. Some
    // allocators will allocate an even larger chunk (by a fixed factor) to
    // allow for potential further in-place realloc. The gains of such a trick
    // are currently unclear.
    void *NewPtr = allocate(NewSize, Chunk::Origin::Malloc, Alignment);
    if (LIKELY(NewPtr)) {
      memcpy(NewPtr, OldTaggedPtr, Min(NewSize, OldSize));
      quarantineOrDeallocateChunk(Options, OldTaggedPtr, &OldHeader, OldSize);
    }
    return NewPtr;
  }

  // TODO(kostyak): disable() is currently best-effort. There are some small
  //                windows of time when an allocation could still succeed after
  //                this function finishes. We will revisit that later.
  void disable() {
    initThreadMaybe();
#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    GuardedAlloc.disable();
#endif
    TSDRegistry.disable();
    Stats.disable();
    Quarantine.disable();
    Primary.disable();
    Secondary.disable();
  }

  void enable() {
    initThreadMaybe();
    Secondary.enable();
    Primary.enable();
    Quarantine.enable();
    Stats.enable();
    TSDRegistry.enable();
#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    GuardedAlloc.enable();
#endif
  }

  // The function returns the amount of bytes required to store the statistics,
  // which might be larger than the amount of bytes provided. Note that the
  // statistics buffer is not necessarily constant between calls to this
  // function. This can be called with a null buffer or zero size for buffer
  // sizing purposes.
  uptr getStats(char *Buffer, uptr Size) {
    ScopedString Str(1024);
    disable();
    const uptr Length = getStats(&Str) + 1;
    enable();
    if (Length < Size)
      Size = Length;
    if (Buffer && Size) {
      memcpy(Buffer, Str.data(), Size);
      Buffer[Size - 1] = '\0';
    }
    return Length;
  }

  void printStats() {
    ScopedString Str(1024);
    disable();
    getStats(&Str);
    enable();
    Str.output();
  }

  void releaseToOS() {
    initThreadMaybe();
    Primary.releaseToOS();
    Secondary.releaseToOS();
  }

  // Iterate over all chunks and call a callback for all busy chunks located
  // within the provided memory range. Said callback must not use this allocator
  // or a deadlock can ensue. This fits Android's malloc_iterate() needs.
  void iterateOverChunks(uptr Base, uptr Size, iterate_callback Callback,
                         void *Arg) {
    initThreadMaybe();
    const uptr From = Base;
    const uptr To = Base + Size;
    bool MayHaveTaggedPrimary = allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>() &&
                                systemSupportsMemoryTagging();
    auto Lambda = [this, From, To, MayHaveTaggedPrimary, Callback,
                   Arg](uptr Block) {
      if (Block < From || Block >= To)
        return;
      uptr Chunk;
      Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
      if (MayHaveTaggedPrimary) {
        // A chunk header can either have a zero tag (tagged primary) or the
        // header tag (secondary, or untagged primary). We don't know which so
        // try both.
        ScopedDisableMemoryTagChecks x;
        if (!getChunkFromBlock(Block, &Chunk, &Header) &&
            !getChunkFromBlock(addHeaderTag(Block), &Chunk, &Header))
          return;
      } else {
        if (!getChunkFromBlock(addHeaderTag(Block), &Chunk, &Header))
          return;
      }
      if (Header.State == Chunk::State::Allocated) {
        uptr TaggedChunk = Chunk;
        if (allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>())
          TaggedChunk = untagPointer(TaggedChunk);
        if (useMemoryTagging<Params>(Primary.Options.load()))
          TaggedChunk = loadTag(Chunk);
        Callback(TaggedChunk, getSize(reinterpret_cast<void *>(Chunk), &Header),
                 Arg);
      }
    };
    Primary.iterateOverBlocks(Lambda);
    Secondary.iterateOverBlocks(Lambda);
#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    GuardedAlloc.iterate(reinterpret_cast<void *>(Base), Size, Callback, Arg);
#endif
  }

  bool canReturnNull() {
    initThreadMaybe();
    return Primary.Options.load().get(OptionBit::MayReturnNull);
  }

  bool setOption(Option O, sptr Value) {
    initThreadMaybe();
    if (O == Option::MemtagTuning) {
      // Enabling odd/even tags involves a tradeoff between use-after-free
      // detection and buffer overflow detection. Odd/even tags make it more
      // likely for buffer overflows to be detected by increasing the size of
      // the guaranteed "red zone" around the allocation, but on the other hand
      // use-after-free is less likely to be detected because the tag space for
      // any particular chunk is cut in half. Therefore we use this tuning
      // setting to control whether odd/even tags are enabled.
      if (Value == M_MEMTAG_TUNING_BUFFER_OVERFLOW)
        Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::UseOddEvenTags);
      else if (Value == M_MEMTAG_TUNING_UAF)
        Primary.Options.clear(OptionBit::UseOddEvenTags);
      return true;
    } else {
      // We leave it to the various sub-components to decide whether or not they
      // want to handle the option, but we do not want to short-circuit
      // execution if one of the setOption was to return false.
      const bool PrimaryResult = Primary.setOption(O, Value);
      const bool SecondaryResult = Secondary.setOption(O, Value);
      const bool RegistryResult = TSDRegistry.setOption(O, Value);
      return PrimaryResult && SecondaryResult && RegistryResult;
    }
    return false;
  }

  // Return the usable size for a given chunk. Technically we lie, as we just
  // report the actual size of a chunk. This is done to counteract code actively
  // writing past the end of a chunk (like sqlite3) when the usable size allows
  // for it, which then forces realloc to copy the usable size of a chunk as
  // opposed to its actual size.
  uptr getUsableSize(const void *Ptr) {
    initThreadMaybe();
    if (UNLIKELY(!Ptr))
      return 0;

#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    if (UNLIKELY(GuardedAlloc.pointerIsMine(Ptr)))
      return GuardedAlloc.getSize(Ptr);
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS

    Ptr = getHeaderTaggedPointer(const_cast<void *>(Ptr));
    Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
    Chunk::loadHeader(Cookie, Ptr, &Header);
    // Getting the usable size of a chunk only makes sense if it's allocated.
    if (UNLIKELY(Header.State != Chunk::State::Allocated))
      reportInvalidChunkState(AllocatorAction::Sizing, const_cast<void *>(Ptr));
    return getSize(Ptr, &Header);
  }

  void getStats(StatCounters S) {
    initThreadMaybe();
    Stats.get(S);
  }

  // Returns true if the pointer provided was allocated by the current
  // allocator instance, which is compliant with tcmalloc's ownership concept.
  // A corrupted chunk will not be reported as owned, which is WAI.
  bool isOwned(const void *Ptr) {
    initThreadMaybe();
#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    if (GuardedAlloc.pointerIsMine(Ptr))
      return true;
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
    if (!Ptr || !isAligned(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr), MinAlignment))
      return false;
    Ptr = getHeaderTaggedPointer(const_cast<void *>(Ptr));
    Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
    return Chunk::isValid(Cookie, Ptr, &Header) &&
           Header.State == Chunk::State::Allocated;
  }

  bool useMemoryTaggingTestOnly() const {
    return useMemoryTagging<Params>(Primary.Options.load());
  }
  void disableMemoryTagging() {
    // If we haven't been initialized yet, we need to initialize now in order to
    // prevent a future call to initThreadMaybe() from enabling memory tagging
    // based on feature detection. But don't call initThreadMaybe() because it
    // may end up calling the allocator (via pthread_atfork, via the post-init
    // callback), which may cause mappings to be created with memory tagging
    // enabled.
    TSDRegistry.initOnceMaybe(this);
    if (allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>()) {
      Secondary.disableMemoryTagging();
      Primary.Options.clear(OptionBit::UseMemoryTagging);
    }
  }

  void setTrackAllocationStacks(bool Track) {
    initThreadMaybe();
    if (Track)
      Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::TrackAllocationStacks);
    else
      Primary.Options.clear(OptionBit::TrackAllocationStacks);
  }

  void setFillContents(FillContentsMode FillContents) {
    initThreadMaybe();
    Primary.Options.setFillContentsMode(FillContents);
  }

  void setAddLargeAllocationSlack(bool AddSlack) {
    initThreadMaybe();
    if (AddSlack)
      Primary.Options.set(OptionBit::AddLargeAllocationSlack);
    else
      Primary.Options.clear(OptionBit::AddLargeAllocationSlack);
  }

  const char *getStackDepotAddress() const {
    return reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&Depot);
  }

  const char *getRegionInfoArrayAddress() const {
    return Primary.getRegionInfoArrayAddress();
  }

  static uptr getRegionInfoArraySize() {
    return PrimaryT::getRegionInfoArraySize();
  }

  const char *getRingBufferAddress() const {
    return reinterpret_cast<const char *>(&RingBuffer);
  }

  static uptr getRingBufferSize() { return sizeof(RingBuffer); }

  static const uptr MaxTraceSize = 64;

  static void collectTraceMaybe(const StackDepot *Depot,
                                uintptr_t (&Trace)[MaxTraceSize], u32 Hash) {
    uptr RingPos, Size;
    if (!Depot->find(Hash, &RingPos, &Size))
      return;
    for (unsigned I = 0; I != Size && I != MaxTraceSize; ++I)
      Trace[I] = (*Depot)[RingPos + I];
  }

  static void getErrorInfo(struct scudo_error_info *ErrorInfo,
                           uintptr_t FaultAddr, const char *DepotPtr,
                           const char *RegionInfoPtr, const char *RingBufferPtr,
                           const char *Memory, const char *MemoryTags,
                           uintptr_t MemoryAddr, size_t MemorySize) {
    *ErrorInfo = {};
    if (!allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>() ||
        MemoryAddr + MemorySize < MemoryAddr)
      return;

    auto *Depot = reinterpret_cast<const StackDepot *>(DepotPtr);
    size_t NextErrorReport = 0;
    if (extractTag(FaultAddr) != 0)
      getInlineErrorInfo(ErrorInfo, NextErrorReport, FaultAddr, Depot,
                         RegionInfoPtr, Memory, MemoryTags, MemoryAddr,
                         MemorySize);
    getRingBufferErrorInfo(ErrorInfo, NextErrorReport, FaultAddr, Depot,
                           RingBufferPtr);
  }

private:
  using SecondaryT = MapAllocator<Params>;
  typedef typename PrimaryT::SizeClassMap SizeClassMap;

  static const uptr MinAlignmentLog = SCUDO_MIN_ALIGNMENT_LOG;
  static const uptr MaxAlignmentLog = 24U; // 16 MB seems reasonable.
  static const uptr MinAlignment = 1UL << MinAlignmentLog;
  static const uptr MaxAlignment = 1UL << MaxAlignmentLog;
  static const uptr MaxAllowedMallocSize =
      FIRST_32_SECOND_64(1UL << 31, 1ULL << 40);

  static_assert(MinAlignment >= sizeof(Chunk::PackedHeader),
                "Minimal alignment must at least cover a chunk header.");
  static_assert(!allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>() ||
                    MinAlignment >= archMemoryTagGranuleSize(),
                "");

  static const u32 BlockMarker = 0x44554353U;

  // These are indexes into an "array" of 32-bit values that store information
  // inline with a chunk that is relevant to diagnosing memory tag faults, where
  // 0 corresponds to the address of the user memory. This means that only
  // negative indexes may be used. The smallest index that may be used is -2,
  // which corresponds to 8 bytes before the user memory, because the chunk
  // header size is 8 bytes and in allocators that support memory tagging the
  // minimum alignment is at least the tag granule size (16 on aarch64).
  static const sptr MemTagAllocationTraceIndex = -2;
  static const sptr MemTagAllocationTidIndex = -1;

  u32 Cookie = 0;
  u32 QuarantineMaxChunkSize = 0;

  GlobalStats Stats;
  PrimaryT Primary;
  SecondaryT Secondary;
  QuarantineT Quarantine;
  TSDRegistryT TSDRegistry;

#ifdef GWP_ASAN_HOOKS
  gwp_asan::GuardedPoolAllocator GuardedAlloc;
#endif // GWP_ASAN_HOOKS

  StackDepot Depot;

  struct AllocationRingBuffer {
    struct Entry {
      atomic_uptr Ptr;
      atomic_uptr AllocationSize;
      atomic_u32 AllocationTrace;
      atomic_u32 AllocationTid;
      atomic_u32 DeallocationTrace;
      atomic_u32 DeallocationTid;
    };

    atomic_uptr Pos;
#ifdef SCUDO_FUZZ
    static const uptr NumEntries = 2;
#else
    static const uptr NumEntries = 32768;
#endif
    Entry Entries[NumEntries];
  };
  AllocationRingBuffer RingBuffer = {};

  // The following might get optimized out by the compiler.
  NOINLINE void performSanityChecks() {
    // Verify that the header offset field can hold the maximum offset. In the
    // case of the Secondary allocator, it takes care of alignment and the
    // offset will always be small. In the case of the Primary, the worst case
    // scenario happens in the last size class, when the backend allocation
    // would already be aligned on the requested alignment, which would happen
    // to be the maximum alignment that would fit in that size class. As a
    // result, the maximum offset will be at most the maximum alignment for the
    // last size class minus the header size, in multiples of MinAlignment.
    Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header = {};
    const uptr MaxPrimaryAlignment = 1UL << getMostSignificantSetBitIndex(
                                         SizeClassMap::MaxSize - MinAlignment);
    const uptr MaxOffset =
        (MaxPrimaryAlignment - Chunk::getHeaderSize()) >> MinAlignmentLog;
    Header.Offset = MaxOffset & Chunk::OffsetMask;
    if (UNLIKELY(Header.Offset != MaxOffset))
      reportSanityCheckError("offset");

    // Verify that we can fit the maximum size or amount of unused bytes in the
    // header. Given that the Secondary fits the allocation to a page, the worst
    // case scenario happens in the Primary. It will depend on the second to
    // last and last class sizes, as well as the dynamic base for the Primary.
    // The following is an over-approximation that works for our needs.
    const uptr MaxSizeOrUnusedBytes = SizeClassMap::MaxSize - 1;
    Header.SizeOrUnusedBytes = MaxSizeOrUnusedBytes;
    if (UNLIKELY(Header.SizeOrUnusedBytes != MaxSizeOrUnusedBytes))
      reportSanityCheckError("size (or unused bytes)");

    const uptr LargestClassId = SizeClassMap::LargestClassId;
    Header.ClassId = LargestClassId;
    if (UNLIKELY(Header.ClassId != LargestClassId))
      reportSanityCheckError("class ID");
  }

  static inline void *getBlockBegin(const void *Ptr,
                                    Chunk::UnpackedHeader *Header) {
    return reinterpret_cast<void *>(
        reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr) - Chunk::getHeaderSize() -
        (static_cast<uptr>(Header->Offset) << MinAlignmentLog));
  }

  // Return the size of a chunk as requested during its allocation.
  inline uptr getSize(const void *Ptr, Chunk::UnpackedHeader *Header) {
    const uptr SizeOrUnusedBytes = Header->SizeOrUnusedBytes;
    if (LIKELY(Header->ClassId))
      return SizeOrUnusedBytes;
    if (allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>())
      Ptr = untagPointer(const_cast<void *>(Ptr));
    return SecondaryT::getBlockEnd(getBlockBegin(Ptr, Header)) -
           reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr) - SizeOrUnusedBytes;
  }

  void quarantineOrDeallocateChunk(Options Options, void *TaggedPtr,
                                   Chunk::UnpackedHeader *Header, uptr Size) {
    void *Ptr = getHeaderTaggedPointer(TaggedPtr);
    Chunk::UnpackedHeader NewHeader = *Header;
    // If the quarantine is disabled, the actual size of a chunk is 0 or larger
    // than the maximum allowed, we return a chunk directly to the backend.
    // This purposefully underflows for Size == 0.
    const bool BypassQuarantine = !Quarantine.getCacheSize() ||
                                  ((Size - 1) >= QuarantineMaxChunkSize) ||
                                  !NewHeader.ClassId;
    if (BypassQuarantine)
      NewHeader.State = Chunk::State::Available;
    else
      NewHeader.State = Chunk::State::Quarantined;
    NewHeader.OriginOrWasZeroed = useMemoryTagging<Params>(Options) &&
                                  NewHeader.ClassId &&
                                  !TSDRegistry.getDisableMemInit();
    Chunk::compareExchangeHeader(Cookie, Ptr, &NewHeader, Header);

    if (UNLIKELY(useMemoryTagging<Params>(Options))) {
      u8 PrevTag = extractTag(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(TaggedPtr));
      storeDeallocationStackMaybe(Options, Ptr, PrevTag, Size);
      if (NewHeader.ClassId) {
        if (!TSDRegistry.getDisableMemInit()) {
          uptr TaggedBegin, TaggedEnd;
          const uptr OddEvenMask = computeOddEvenMaskForPointerMaybe(
              Options, reinterpret_cast<uptr>(getBlockBegin(Ptr, &NewHeader)),
              NewHeader.ClassId);
          // Exclude the previous tag so that immediate use after free is
          // detected 100% of the time.
          setRandomTag(Ptr, Size, OddEvenMask | (1UL << PrevTag), &TaggedBegin,
                       &TaggedEnd);
        }
      }
    }
    if (BypassQuarantine) {
      if (allocatorSupportsMemoryTagging<Params>())
        Ptr = untagPointer(Ptr);
      void *BlockBegin = getBlockBegin(Ptr, &NewHeader);
      const uptr ClassId = NewHeader.ClassId;
      if (LIKELY(ClassId)) {
        bool UnlockRequired;
        auto *TSD = TSDRegistry.getTSDAndLock(&UnlockRequired);
        TSD->Cache.deallocate(ClassId, BlockBegin);
        if (UnlockRequired)
          TSD->unlock();
      } else {
        if (UNLIKELY(useMemoryTagging<Params>(Options)))
          storeTags(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(BlockBegin),
                    reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr));
        Secondary.deallocate(Options, BlockBegin);
      }
    } else {
      bool UnlockRequired;
      auto *TSD = TSDRegistry.getTSDAndLock(&UnlockRequired);
      Quarantine.put(&TSD->QuarantineCache,
                     QuarantineCallback(*this, TSD->Cache), Ptr, Size);
      if (UnlockRequired)
        TSD->unlock();
    }
  }

  bool getChunkFromBlock(uptr Block, uptr *Chunk,
                         Chunk::UnpackedHeader *Header) {
    *Chunk =
        Block + getChunkOffsetFromBlock(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(Block));
    return Chunk::isValid(Cookie, reinterpret_cast<void *>(*Chunk), Header);
  }

  static uptr getChunkOffsetFromBlock(const char *Block) {
    u32 Offset = 0;
    if (reinterpret_cast<const u32 *>(Block)[0] == BlockMarker)
      Offset = reinterpret_cast<const u32 *>(Block)[1];
    return Offset + Chunk::getHeaderSize();
  }

  void *prepareTaggedChunk(void *Ptr, uptr Size, uptr ExcludeMask,
                           uptr BlockEnd) {
    // Prepare the granule before the chunk to store the chunk header by setting
    // its tag to 0. Normally its tag will already be 0, but in the case where a
    // chunk holding a low alignment allocation is reused for a higher alignment
    // allocation, the chunk may already have a non-zero tag from the previous
    // allocation.
    storeTag(reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr) - archMemoryTagGranuleSize());

    uptr TaggedBegin, TaggedEnd;
    setRandomTag(Ptr, Size, ExcludeMask, &TaggedBegin, &TaggedEnd);

    // Finally, set the tag of the granule past the end of the allocation to 0,
    // to catch linear overflows even if a previous larger allocation used the
    // same block and tag. Only do this if the granule past the end is in our
    // block, because this would otherwise lead to a SEGV if the allocation
    // covers the entire block and our block is at the end of a mapping. The tag
    // of the next block's header granule will be set to 0, so it will serve the
    // purpose of catching linear overflows in this case.
    uptr UntaggedEnd = untagPointer(TaggedEnd);
    if (UntaggedEnd != BlockEnd)
      storeTag(UntaggedEnd);
    return reinterpret_cast<void *>(TaggedBegin);
  }

  void resizeTaggedChunk(uptr OldPtr, uptr NewPtr, uptr BlockEnd) {
    uptr RoundOldPtr = roundUpTo(OldPtr, archMemoryTagGranuleSize());
    uptr RoundNewPtr;
    if (RoundOldPtr >= NewPtr) {
      // If the allocation is shrinking we just need to set the tag past the end
      // of the allocation to 0. See explanation in prepareTaggedChunk above.
      RoundNewPtr = roundUpTo(NewPtr, archMemoryTagGranuleSize());
    } else {
      // Set the memory tag of the region
      // [RoundOldPtr, roundUpTo(NewPtr, archMemoryTagGranuleSize()))
      // to the pointer tag stored in OldPtr.
      RoundNewPtr = storeTags(RoundOldPtr, NewPtr);
    }

    uptr UntaggedNewPtr = untagPointer(RoundNewPtr);
    if (UntaggedNewPtr != BlockEnd)
      storeTag(UntaggedNewPtr);
  }

  void storePrimaryAllocationStackMaybe(Options Options, void *Ptr) {
    if (!UNLIKELY(Options.get(OptionBit::TrackAllocationStacks)))
      return;
    auto *Ptr32 = reinterpret_cast<u32 *>(Ptr);
    Ptr32[MemTagAllocationTraceIndex] = collectStackTrace();
    Ptr32[MemTagAllocationTidIndex] = getThreadID();
  }

  void storeRingBufferEntry(void *Ptr, u32 AllocationTrace, u32 AllocationTid,
                            uptr AllocationSize, u32 DeallocationTrace,
                            u32 DeallocationTid) {
    uptr Pos = atomic_fetch_add(&RingBuffer.Pos, 1, memory_order_relaxed);
    typename AllocationRingBuffer::Entry *Entry =
        &RingBuffer.Entries[Pos % AllocationRingBuffer::NumEntries];

    // First invalidate our entry so that we don't attempt to interpret a
    // partially written state in getSecondaryErrorInfo(). The fences below
    // ensure that the compiler does not move the stores to Ptr in between the
    // stores to the other fields.
    atomic_store_relaxed(&Entry->Ptr, 0);

    __atomic_signal_fence(__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);
    atomic_store_relaxed(&Entry->AllocationTrace, AllocationTrace);
    atomic_store_relaxed(&Entry->AllocationTid, AllocationTid);
    atomic_store_relaxed(&Entry->AllocationSize, AllocationSize);
    atomic_store_relaxed(&Entry->DeallocationTrace, DeallocationTrace);
    atomic_store_relaxed(&Entry->DeallocationTid, DeallocationTid);
    __atomic_signal_fence(__ATOMIC_SEQ_CST);

    atomic_store_relaxed(&Entry->Ptr, reinterpret_cast<uptr>(Ptr));
  }

  void storeSecondaryAllocationStackMaybe(Options Options, void *Ptr,
                                          uptr Size) {
    if (!UNLIKELY(Options.get(OptionBit::TrackAllocationStacks)))
      return;

    u32 Trace = collectStackTrace();
    u32 Tid = getThreadID();

    auto *Ptr32 = reinterpret_cast<u32 *>(Ptr);
    Ptr32[MemTagAllocationTraceIndex] = Trace;
    Ptr32[MemTagAllocationTidIndex] = Tid;

    storeRingBufferEntry(untagPointer(Ptr), Trace, Tid, Size, 0, 0);
  }

  void storeDeallocationStackMaybe(Options Options, void *Ptr, u8 PrevTag,
                                   uptr Size) {
    if (!UNLIKELY(Options.get(OptionBit::TrackAllocationStacks)))
      return;

    auto *Ptr32 = reinterpret_cast<u32 *>(Ptr);
    u32 AllocationTrace = Ptr32[MemTagAllocationTraceIndex];
    u32 AllocationTid = Ptr32[MemTagAllocationTidIndex];

    u32 DeallocationTrace = collectStackTrace();
    u32 DeallocationTid = getThreadID();

    storeRingBufferEntry(addFixedTag(untagPointer(Ptr), PrevTag),
                         AllocationTrace, AllocationTid, Size,
                         DeallocationTrace, DeallocationTid);
  }

  static const size_t NumErrorReports =
      sizeof(((scudo_error_info *)0)->reports) /
      sizeof(((scudo_error_info *)0)->reports[0]);

  static void getInlineErrorInfo(struct scudo_error_info *ErrorInfo,
                                 size_t &NextErrorReport, uintptr_t FaultAddr,
                                 const StackDepot *Depot,
                                 const char *RegionInfoPtr, const char *Memory,
                                 const char *MemoryTags, uintptr_t MemoryAddr,
                                 size_t MemorySize) {
    uptr UntaggedFaultAddr = untagPointer(FaultAddr);
    u8 FaultAddrTag = extractTag(FaultAddr);
    BlockInfo Info =
        PrimaryT::findNearestBlock(RegionInfoPtr, UntaggedFaultAddr);

    auto GetGranule = [&](uptr Addr, const char **Data, uint8_t *Tag) -> bool {
      if (Addr < MemoryAddr || Addr + archMemoryTagGranuleSize() < Addr ||
          Addr + archMemoryTagGranuleSize() > MemoryAddr + MemorySize)
        return false;
      *Data = &Memory[Addr - MemoryAddr];
      *Tag = static_cast<u8>(
          MemoryTags[(Addr - MemoryAddr) / archMemoryTagGranuleSize()]);
      return true;
    };

    auto ReadBlock = [&](uptr Addr, uptr *ChunkAddr,
                         Chunk::UnpackedHeader *Header, const u32 **Data,
                         u8 *Tag) {
      const char *BlockBegin;
      u8 BlockBeginTag;
      if (!GetGranule(Addr, &BlockBegin, &BlockBeginTag))
        return false;
      uptr ChunkOffset = getChunkOffsetFromBlock(BlockBegin);
      *ChunkAddr = Addr + ChunkOffset;

      const char *ChunkBegin;
      if (!GetGranule(*ChunkAddr, &ChunkBegin, Tag))
        return false;
      *Header = *reinterpret_cast<const Chunk::UnpackedHeader *>(
          ChunkBegin - Chunk::getHeaderSize());
      *Data = reinterpret_cast<const u32 *>(ChunkBegin);
      return true;
    };

    if (NextErrorReport == NumErrorReports)
      return;

    auto CheckOOB = [&](uptr BlockAddr) {
      if (BlockAddr < Info.RegionBegin || BlockAddr >= Info.RegionEnd)
        return false;

      uptr ChunkAddr;
      Chunk::UnpackedHeader Header;
      const u32 *Data;
      uint8_t Tag;
      if (!ReadBlock(BlockAddr, &ChunkAddr, &Header, &Data, &Tag) ||
          Header.State != Chunk::State::Allocated || Tag != FaultAddrTag)
        return false;

      auto *R = &ErrorInfo->reports[NextErrorReport++];
      R->error_type =
          UntaggedFaultAddr < ChunkAddr ? BUFFER_UNDERFLOW : BUFFER_OVERFLOW;
      R->allocation_address = ChunkAddr;
      R->allocation_size = Header.SizeOrUnusedBytes;
      collectTraceMaybe(Depot, R->allocation_trace,
                        Data[MemTagAllocationTraceIndex]);
      R->allocation_tid = Data[MemTagAllocationTidIndex];
      return NextErrorReport == NumErrorReports;
    };

    if (CheckOOB(Info.BlockBegin))
      return;

    // Check for OOB in the 30 surrounding blocks. Beyond that we are likely to
    // hit false positives.
    for (int I = 1; I != 16; ++I)
      if (CheckOOB(Info.BlockBegin + I * Info.BlockSize) ||
          CheckOOB(Info.BlockBegin - I * Info.BlockSize))
        return;
  }

  static void getRingBufferErrorInfo(struct scudo_error_info *ErrorInfo,
                                     size_t &NextErrorReport,
                                     uintptr_t FaultAddr,
                                     const StackDepot *Depot,
                                     const char *RingBufferPtr) {
    auto *RingBuffer =
        reinterpret_cast<const AllocationRingBuffer *>(RingBufferPtr);
    uptr Pos = atomic_load_relaxed(&RingBuffer->Pos);

    for (uptr I = Pos - 1; I != Pos - 1 - AllocationRingBuffer::NumEntries &&
                           NextErrorReport != NumErrorReports;
         --I) {
      auto *Entry = &RingBuffer->Entries[I % AllocationRingBuffer::NumEntries];
      uptr EntryPtr = atomic_load_relaxed(&Entry->Ptr);
      uptr UntaggedEntryPtr = untagPointer(EntryPtr);
      uptr EntrySize = atomic_load_relaxed(&Entry->AllocationSize);
      if (!EntryPtr || FaultAddr < EntryPtr - getPageSizeCached() ||
          FaultAddr >= EntryPtr + EntrySize + getPageSizeCached())
        continue;

      u32 AllocationTrace = atomic_load_relaxed(&Entry->AllocationTrace);
      u32 AllocationTid = atomic_load_relaxed(&Entry->AllocationTid);
      u32 DeallocationTrace = atomic_load_relaxed(&Entry->DeallocationTrace);
      u32 DeallocationTid = atomic_load_relaxed(&Entry->DeallocationTid);

      // For UAF the ring buffer will contain two entries, one for the
      // allocation and another for the deallocation. Don't report buffer
      // overflow/underflow using the allocation entry if we have already
      // collected a report from the deallocation entry.
      if (!DeallocationTrace) {
        bool Found = false;
        for (uptr J = 0; J != NextErrorReport; ++J) {
          if (ErrorInfo->reports[J].allocation_address == UntaggedEntryPtr) {
            Found = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        if (Found)
          continue;
      }

      auto *R = &ErrorInfo->reports[NextErrorReport++];
      if (DeallocationTid)
        R->error_type = USE_AFTER_FREE;
      else if (FaultAddr < EntryPtr)
        R->error_type = BUFFER_UNDERFLOW;
      else
        R->error_type = BUFFER_OVERFLOW;

      R->allocation_address = UntaggedEntryPtr;
      R->allocation_size = EntrySize;
      collectTraceMaybe(Depot, R->allocation_trace, AllocationTrace);
      R->allocation_tid = AllocationTid;
      collectTraceMaybe(Depot, R->deallocation_trace, DeallocationTrace);
      R->deallocation_tid = DeallocationTid;
    }
  }

  uptr getStats(ScopedString *Str) {
    Primary.getStats(Str);
    Secondary.getStats(Str);
    Quarantine.getStats(Str);
    return Str->length();
  }
};

} // namespace scudo

#endif // SCUDO_COMBINED_H_