[scudo] Create a non-static getErrorInfo function. (#199770)

Create a getErrorInfo function that operates on the Allocator and
doesn't require passing in all of the extra information.

Add interface function __scudo_get_fault_error_info that calls this new
function.

Add all needed functions to support the new getErrorInfo.

This is being added to replace the static version from Android that
required linking in a copy of libscudo to use. This new version will be
used directly from libc.

GitOrigin-RevId: a0ac7521342567573da5b1e47c94f6199faada39