docs/UserDocumentation.rst - llvm-project/libcxx - Git at Google

 .. _user-documentation:

 ==================
 User documentation
 ==================

 .. contents::
   :local:

 This page contains information about configuration knobs that can be used by
 users when they know libc++ is used by their toolchain, and how to use libc++
 when it is not the default library used by their toolchain. It is aimed at
 users of libc++: a separate page contains documentation aimed at vendors who
 build and ship libc++ as part of their toolchain.


 Using a different version of the C++ Standard
 =============================================

 Libc++ implements the various versions of the C++ Standard. Changing the version of
 the standard can be done by passing ``-std=c++XY`` to the compiler. Libc++ will
 automatically detect what Standard is being used and will provide functionality that
 matches that Standard in the library.

 .. code-block:: bash

   $ clang++ -std=c++17 test.cpp

 Note that using ``-std=c++XY`` with a version of the Standard that has not been ratified
 yet is considered unstable. While we strive to maintain stability, libc++ may be forced to
 make breaking changes to features shipped in a Standard that hasn't been ratified yet. Use
 these versions of the Standard at your own risk.


 Using libc++ when it is not the system default
 ==============================================

 Usually, libc++ is packaged and shipped by a vendor through some delivery vehicle
 (operating system distribution, SDK, toolchain, etc) and users don't need to do
 anything special in order to use the library.

 On systems where libc++ is provided but is not the default, Clang provides a flag
 called ``-stdlib=`` that can be used to decide which standard library is used.
 Using ``-stdlib=libc++`` will select libc++:

 .. code-block:: bash

   $ clang++ -stdlib=libc++ test.cpp

 On systems where libc++ is the library in use by default such as macOS and FreeBSD,
 this flag is not required.


 Enabling experimental C++ Library features
 ==========================================

 Libc++ provides implementations of some experimental features. Experimental features
 are either Technical Specifications (TSes) or official features that were voted to
 the Standard but whose implementation is not complete or stable yet in libc++. Those
 are disabled by default because they are neither API nor ABI stable. However, the
 ``-fexperimental-library`` compiler flag can be defined to turn those features on.

 On compilers that do not support the ``-fexperimental-library`` flag (such as GCC),
 users can define the ``_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL`` macro and manually link against
 the appropriate static library (usually shipped as ``libc++experimental.a``) to get
 access to experimental library features.

 The following features are currently considered experimental and are only provided
 when ``-fexperimental-library`` is passed:

 * The parallel algorithms library (``<execution>`` and the associated algorithms)
 * ``std::chrono::tzdb`` and related time zone functionality
 * ``<syncstream>``

 .. note::
   Experimental libraries are experimental.
     * The contents of the ``<experimental/...>`` headers and the associated static
       library will not remain compatible between versions.
     * No guarantees of API or ABI stability are provided.
     * When the standardized version of an experimental feature is implemented,
       the experimental feature is removed two releases after the non-experimental
       version has shipped. The full policy is explained :ref:`here <experimental features>`.


 Libc++ Configuration Macros
 ===========================

 Libc++ provides a number of configuration macros that can be used by developers to
 enable or disable extended libc++ behavior.

 .. warning::
   Configuration macros that are not documented here are not intended to be customized
   by developers and should not be used. In particular, some configuration macros are
   only intended to be used by vendors and changing their value from the one provided
   in your toolchain can lead to unexpected behavior.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATIONS**:
   This macro is used to enable -Wthread-safety annotations on libc++'s
   ``std::mutex`` and ``std::lock_guard``. By default, these annotations are
   disabled and must be manually enabled by the user.

 **_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE**:
   This macro is used to choose the :ref:`hardening mode <using-hardening-modes>`.

 **_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS**:
   This macro is used to disable all visibility annotations inside libc++.
   Defining this macro and then building libc++ with hidden visibility gives a
   build of libc++ which does not export any symbols, which can be useful when
   building statically for inclusion into another library.

 **_LIBCPP_NO_VCRUNTIME**:
   Microsoft's C and C++ headers are fairly entangled, and some of their C++
   headers are fairly hard to avoid. In particular, `vcruntime_new.h` gets pulled
   in from a lot of other headers and provides definitions which clash with
   libc++ headers, such as `nothrow_t` (note that `nothrow_t` is a struct, so
   there's no way for libc++ to provide a compatible definition, since you can't
   have multiple definitions).

   By default, libc++ solves this problem by deferring to Microsoft's vcruntime
   headers where needed. However, it may be undesirable to depend on vcruntime
   headers, since they may not always be available in cross-compilation setups,
   or they may clash with other headers. The `_LIBCPP_NO_VCRUNTIME` macro
   prevents libc++ from depending on vcruntime headers. Consequently, it also
   prevents libc++ headers from being interoperable with vcruntime headers (from
   the aforementioned clashes), so users of this macro are promising to not
   attempt to combine libc++ headers with the problematic vcruntime headers. This
   macro also currently prevents certain `operator new`/`operator delete`
   replacement scenarios from working, e.g. replacing `operator new` and
   expecting a non-replaced `operator new[]` to call the replaced `operator new`.

 **_LIBCPP_DISABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS**:
   This macro disables warnings when using deprecated components. For example,
   using `std::auto_ptr` when compiling in C++11 mode will normally trigger a
   warning saying that `std::auto_ptr` is deprecated. If the macro is defined,
   no warning will be emitted. By default, this macro is not defined.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL**:
   This macro enables experimental features. This can be used on compilers that do
   not support the ``-fexperimental-library`` flag. When used, users also need to
   ensure that the appropriate experimental library (usually ``libc++experimental.a``)
   is linked into their program.

 C++17 Specific Configuration Macros
 -----------------------------------
 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `auto_ptr`.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS**:
   This macro is used to re-enable the `binder1st`, `binder2nd`,
   `pointer_to_unary_function`, `pointer_to_binary_function`, `mem_fun_t`,
   `mem_fun1_t`, `mem_fun_ref_t`, `mem_fun1_ref_t`, `const_mem_fun_t`,
   `const_mem_fun1_t`, `const_mem_fun_ref_t`, and `const_mem_fun1_ref_t`
   class templates, and the `bind1st`, `bind2nd`, `mem_fun`, `mem_fun_ref`,
   and `ptr_fun` functions.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_RANDOM_SHUFFLE**:
   This macro is used to re-enable the `random_shuffle` algorithm.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNARY_BINARY_FUNCTION**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `unary_function` and `binary_function`.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNEXPECTED_FUNCTIONS**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `set_unexpected`, `get_unexpected`, and
   `unexpected`.

 C++20 Specific Configuration Macros
 -----------------------------------
 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTION**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `uncaught_exception`.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_SHARED_PTR_UNIQUE**:
   This macro is used to re-enable the function
   ``std::shared_ptr<...>::unique()``.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS**:
   This macro is used to re-enable the `argument_type`, `result_type`,
   `first_argument_type`, and `second_argument_type` members of class
   templates such as `plus`, `logical_not`, `hash`, and `owner_less`.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_NEGATORS**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `not1`, `not2`, `unary_negate`,
   and `binary_negate`.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_RAW_STORAGE_ITERATOR**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `raw_storage_iterator`.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TEMPORARY_BUFFER**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `get_temporary_buffer` and `return_temporary_buffer`.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TYPE_TRAITS**:
   This macro is used to re-enable `is_literal_type`, `is_literal_type_v`,
   `result_of` and `result_of_t`.


 C++26 Specific Configuration Macros
 -----------------------------------

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_CODECVT**:
   This macro is used to re-enable all named declarations in ``<codecvt>``.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_STRING_RESERVE**:
   This macro is used to re-enable the function
   ``std::basic_string<...>::reserve()``.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_MEMBERS**:
   This macro is used to re-enable redundant member of ``allocator<T>::is_always_equal``.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_STRSTREAM**:
   This macro is used to re-enable all named declarations in ``<strstream>``.

 **_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_WSTRING_CONVERT**:
   This macro is used to re-enable the ``wstring_convert`` and ``wbuffer_convert``
   in ``<locale>``.

 Libc++ Extensions
 =================

 This section documents various extensions provided by libc++, how they're
 provided, and any information regarding how to use them.

 Extended integral type support
 ------------------------------

 Several platforms support types that are not specified in the Standard, such as
 the 128-bit integral types ``__int128_t`` and ``__uint128_t``. As an extension,
 libc++ does a best-effort attempt to support these types like other integral
 types, by supporting them notably in:

 * ``<bits>``
 * ``<charconv>``
 * ``<functional>``
 * ``<type_traits>``
 * ``<format>``
 * ``<random>``

 Additional types supported in random distributions
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 The `C++ Standard <http://eel.is/c++draft/rand#req.genl-1.5>`_ mentions that instantiating several random number
 distributions with types other than ``short``, ``int``, ``long``, ``long long``, and their unsigned versions is
 undefined. As an extension, libc++ supports instantiating ``binomial_distribution``, ``discrete_distribution``,
 ``geometric_distribution``, ``negative_binomial_distribution``, ``poisson_distribution``, and ``uniform_int_distribution``
 with ``int8_t``, ``__int128_t`` and their unsigned versions.

 Extensions to ``<format>``
 --------------------------

 The exposition only type ``basic-format-string`` and its typedefs
 ``format-string`` and ``wformat-string`` became ``basic_format_string``,
 ``format_string``, and ``wformat_string`` in C++23. Libc++ makes these types
 available in C++20 as an extension.

 For padding Unicode strings the ``format`` library relies on the Unicode
 Standard. Libc++ retroactively updates the Unicode Standard in older C++
 versions. This allows the library to have better estimates for newly introduced
 Unicode code points, without requiring the user to use the latest C++ version
 in their code base.

 In C++26 formatting pointers gained a type ``P`` and allows to use
 zero-padding. These options have been retroactively applied to C++20.

 Extensions to the C++23 modules ``std`` and ``std.compat``
 ----------------------------------------------------------

 Like other major implementations, libc++ provides C++23 modules ``std`` and
 ``std.compat`` in C++20 as an extension.

 Constant-initialized std::string
 --------------------------------

 As an implementation-specific optimization, ``std::basic_string`` (``std::string``,
 ``std::wstring``, etc.) may either store the string data directly in the object, or else store a
 pointer to heap-allocated memory, depending on the length of the string.

 As of C++20, the constructors are now declared ``constexpr``, which permits strings to be used
 during constant-evaluation time. In libc++, as in other common implementations, it is also possible
 to constant-initialize a string object (e.g. via declaring a variable with ``constinit`` or
 ``constexpr``), but, only if the string is short enough to not require a heap allocation. Reliance
 upon this should be discouraged in portable code, as the allowed length differs based on the
 standard-library implementation and also based on whether the platform uses 32-bit or 64-bit
 pointers.

 .. code-block:: cpp

   // Non-portable: 11-char string works on 64-bit libc++, but not on 32-bit.
   constinit std::string x = "hello world";

   // Prefer to use string_view, or remove constinit/constexpr from the variable definition:
   constinit std::string_view x = "hello world";
   std::string_view y = "hello world";

 .. _turning-off-asan:

 Turning off ASan annotation in containers
 -----------------------------------------

 ``__asan_annotate_container_with_allocator`` is a customization point to allow users to disable
 `Address Sanitizer annotations for containers <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerContainerOverflow>`_ for specific allocators. This may be necessary for allocators that access allocated memory.
 This customization point exists only when ``_LIBCPP_HAS_ASAN_CONTAINER_ANNOTATIONS_FOR_ALL_ALLOCATORS`` Feature Test Macro is defined.

 For allocators not running destructors, it is also possible to `bulk-unpoison memory <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerManualPoisoning>`_ instead of disabling annotations altogether.

 The struct may be specialized for user-defined allocators. It is a `Cpp17UnaryTypeTrait <http://eel.is/c++draft/type.traits#meta.rqmts>`_ with a base characteristic of ``true_type`` if the container is allowed to use annotations and ``false_type`` otherwise.

 The annotations for a ``user_allocator`` can be disabled like this:

 .. code-block:: cpp

   #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_ASAN_CONTAINER_ANNOTATIONS_FOR_ALL_ALLOCATORS
   template <class T>
   struct std::__asan_annotate_container_with_allocator<user_allocator<T>> : std::false_type {};
   #endif

 Why may I want to turn it off?
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 There are a few reasons why you may want to turn off annotations for an allocator.
 Unpoisoning may not be an option, if (for example) you are not maintaining the allocator.

 * You are using allocator, which does not call destructor during deallocation.
 * You are aware that memory allocated with an allocator may be accessed, even when unused by container.

 Support for compiler extensions
 -------------------------------

 Clang, GCC and other compilers all provide their own set of language extensions. These extensions
 have often been developed without particular consideration for their interaction with the library,
 and as such, libc++ does not go out of its way to support them. The library may support specific
 compiler extensions which would then be documented explicitly, but the basic expectation should be
 that no special support is provided for arbitrary compiler extensions.

 Platform specific behavior
 ==========================

 Windows
 -------

 The ``stdout``, ``stderr``, and ``stdin`` file streams can be placed in
 Unicode mode by a suitable call to ``_setmode()``. When in this mode,
 the sequence of bytes read from, or written to, these streams is interpreted
 as a sequence of little-endian ``wchar_t`` elements. Thus, use of
 ``std::cout``, ``std::cerr``, or ``std::cin`` with streams in Unicode mode
 will not behave as they usually do since bytes read or written won't be
 interpreted as individual ``char`` elements. However, ``std::wcout``,
 ``std::wcerr``, and ``std::wcin`` will behave as expected.

 Wide character stream such as ``std::wcin`` or ``std::wcout`` imbued with a
 locale behave differently than they otherwise do. By default, wide character
 streams don't convert wide characters but input/output them as is. If a
 specific locale is imbued, the IO with the underlying stream happens with
 regular ``char`` elements, which are converted to/from wide characters
 according to the locale. Note that this doesn't behave as expected if the
 stream has been set in Unicode mode.


 Third-party Integrations
 ========================

 Libc++ provides integration with a few third-party tools.

 Debugging libc++ internals in LLDB
 ----------------------------------

 LLDB hides the implementation details of libc++ by default.

 E.g., when setting a breakpoint in a comparator passed to ``std::sort``, the
 backtrace will read as

 .. code-block::

   (lldb) thread backtrace
   * thread #1, name = 'a.out', stop reason = breakpoint 3.1
     * frame #0: 0x000055555555520e a.out`my_comparator(a=1, b=8) at test-std-sort.cpp:6:3
       frame #7: 0x0000555555555615 a.out`void std::__1::sort[abi:ne200000]<std::__1::__wrap_iter<int*>, bool (*)(int, int)>(__first=(item = 8), __last=(item = 0), __comp=(a.out`my_less(int, int) at test-std-sort.cpp:5)) at sort.h:1003:3
       frame #8: 0x000055555555531a a.out`main at test-std-sort.cpp:24:3

 Note how the caller of ``my_comparator`` is shown as ``std::sort``. Looking at
 the frame numbers, we can see that frames #1 until #6 were hidden. Those frames
 represent internal implementation details such as ``__sort4`` and similar
 utility functions.

 To also show those implementation details, use ``thread backtrace -u``.
 Alternatively, to disable those compact backtraces, use ``frame recognizer list``
 and ``frame recognizer disable`` on the "libc++ frame recognizer".

 Futhermore, stepping into libc++ functions is disabled by default. This is controlled via the
 setting ``target.process.thread.step-avoid-regexp`` which defaults to ``^std::`` and can be
 disabled using ``settings set target.process.thread.step-avoid-regexp ""``.

 GDB Pretty printers for libc++
 ------------------------------

 GDB does not support pretty-printing of libc++ symbols by default. However, libc++ does
 provide pretty-printers itself. Those can be used as:

 .. code-block:: bash

   $ gdb -ex "source <libcxx>/utils/gdb/libcxx/printers.py" \
         -ex "python register_libcxx_printer_loader()" \
         <args>


 .. _include-what-you-use:

 include-what-you-use (IWYU)
 ---------------------------

 libc++ provides an IWYU `mapping file <https://github.com/include-what-you-use/include-what-you-use/blob/master/docs/IWYUMappings.md>`_,
 which drastically improves the accuracy of the tool when using libc++. To use the mapping file with
 IWYU, you should run the tool like so:

 .. code-block:: bash

   $ include-what-you-use -Xiwyu --mapping_file=/path/to/libcxx/include/libcxx.imp file.cpp

 If you would prefer to not use that flag, then you can replace ``/path/to/include-what-you-use/share/libcxx.imp``
 file with the libc++-provided ``libcxx.imp`` file.
	.. _user-documentation:

	==================
	User documentation
	==================

	.. contents::
	:local:

	This page contains information about configuration knobs that can be used by
	users when they know libc++ is used by their toolchain, and how to use libc++
	when it is not the default library used by their toolchain. It is aimed at
	users of libc++: a separate page contains documentation aimed at vendors who
	build and ship libc++ as part of their toolchain.


	Using a different version of the C++ Standard
	=============================================

	Libc++ implements the various versions of the C++ Standard. Changing the version of
	the standard can be done by passing ``-std=c++XY`` to the compiler. Libc++ will
	automatically detect what Standard is being used and will provide functionality that
	matches that Standard in the library.

	.. code-block:: bash

	$ clang++ -std=c++17 test.cpp

	Note that using ``-std=c++XY`` with a version of the Standard that has not been ratified
	yet is considered unstable. While we strive to maintain stability, libc++ may be forced to
	make breaking changes to features shipped in a Standard that hasn't been ratified yet. Use
	these versions of the Standard at your own risk.


	Using libc++ when it is not the system default
	==============================================

	Usually, libc++ is packaged and shipped by a vendor through some delivery vehicle
	(operating system distribution, SDK, toolchain, etc) and users don't need to do
	anything special in order to use the library.

	On systems where libc++ is provided but is not the default, Clang provides a flag
	called ``-stdlib=`` that can be used to decide which standard library is used.
	Using ``-stdlib=libc++`` will select libc++:

	.. code-block:: bash

	$ clang++ -stdlib=libc++ test.cpp

	On systems where libc++ is the library in use by default such as macOS and FreeBSD,
	this flag is not required.


	Enabling experimental C++ Library features
	==========================================

	Libc++ provides implementations of some experimental features. Experimental features
	are either Technical Specifications (TSes) or official features that were voted to
	the Standard but whose implementation is not complete or stable yet in libc++. Those
	are disabled by default because they are neither API nor ABI stable. However, the
	``-fexperimental-library`` compiler flag can be defined to turn those features on.

	On compilers that do not support the ``-fexperimental-library`` flag (such as GCC),
	users can define the ``_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL`` macro and manually link against
	the appropriate static library (usually shipped as ``libc++experimental.a``) to get
	access to experimental library features.

	The following features are currently considered experimental and are only provided
	when ``-fexperimental-library`` is passed:

	* The parallel algorithms library (``<execution>`` and the associated algorithms)
	* ``std::chrono::tzdb`` and related time zone functionality
	* ``<syncstream>``

	.. note::
	Experimental libraries are experimental.
	* The contents of the ``<experimental/...>`` headers and the associated static
	library will not remain compatible between versions.
	* No guarantees of API or ABI stability are provided.
	* When the standardized version of an experimental feature is implemented,
	the experimental feature is removed two releases after the non-experimental
	version has shipped. The full policy is explained :ref:`here <experimental features>`.


	Libc++ Configuration Macros
	===========================

	Libc++ provides a number of configuration macros that can be used by developers to
	enable or disable extended libc++ behavior.

	.. warning::
	Configuration macros that are not documented here are not intended to be customized
	by developers and should not be used. In particular, some configuration macros are
	only intended to be used by vendors and changing their value from the one provided
	in your toolchain can lead to unexpected behavior.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATIONS:
	This macro is used to enable -Wthread-safety annotations on libc++'s
	``std::mutex`` and ``std::lock_guard``. By default, these annotations are
	disabled and must be manually enabled by the user.

	_LIBCPP_HARDENING_MODE:
	This macro is used to choose the :ref:`hardening mode <using-hardening-modes>`.

	_LIBCPP_DISABLE_VISIBILITY_ANNOTATIONS:
	This macro is used to disable all visibility annotations inside libc++.
	Defining this macro and then building libc++ with hidden visibility gives a
	build of libc++ which does not export any symbols, which can be useful when
	building statically for inclusion into another library.

	_LIBCPP_NO_VCRUNTIME:
	Microsoft's C and C++ headers are fairly entangled, and some of their C++
	headers are fairly hard to avoid. In particular, `vcruntime_new.h` gets pulled
	in from a lot of other headers and provides definitions which clash with
	libc++ headers, such as `nothrow_t` (note that `nothrow_t` is a struct, so
	there's no way for libc++ to provide a compatible definition, since you can't
	have multiple definitions).

	By default, libc++ solves this problem by deferring to Microsoft's vcruntime
	headers where needed. However, it may be undesirable to depend on vcruntime
	headers, since they may not always be available in cross-compilation setups,
	or they may clash with other headers. The `_LIBCPP_NO_VCRUNTIME` macro
	prevents libc++ from depending on vcruntime headers. Consequently, it also
	prevents libc++ headers from being interoperable with vcruntime headers (from
	the aforementioned clashes), so users of this macro are promising to not
	attempt to combine libc++ headers with the problematic vcruntime headers. This
	macro also currently prevents certain `operator new`/`operator delete`
	replacement scenarios from working, e.g. replacing `operator new` and
	expecting a non-replaced `operator new[]` to call the replaced `operator new`.

	_LIBCPP_DISABLE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS:
	This macro disables warnings when using deprecated components. For example,
	using `std::auto_ptr` when compiling in C++11 mode will normally trigger a
	warning saying that `std::auto_ptr` is deprecated. If the macro is defined,
	no warning will be emitted. By default, this macro is not defined.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL:
	This macro enables experimental features. This can be used on compilers that do
	not support the ``-fexperimental-library`` flag. When used, users also need to
	ensure that the appropriate experimental library (usually ``libc++experimental.a``)
	is linked into their program.

	C++17 Specific Configuration Macros
	-----------------------------------
	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_AUTO_PTR:
	This macro is used to re-enable `auto_ptr`.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_BINDERS:
	This macro is used to re-enable the `binder1st`, `binder2nd`,
	`pointer_to_unary_function`, `pointer_to_binary_function`, `mem_fun_t`,
	`mem_fun1_t`, `mem_fun_ref_t`, `mem_fun1_ref_t`, `const_mem_fun_t`,
	`const_mem_fun1_t`, `const_mem_fun_ref_t`, and `const_mem_fun1_ref_t`
	class templates, and the `bind1st`, `bind2nd`, `mem_fun`, `mem_fun_ref`,
	and `ptr_fun` functions.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_RANDOM_SHUFFLE:
	This macro is used to re-enable the `random_shuffle` algorithm.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNARY_BINARY_FUNCTION:
	This macro is used to re-enable `unary_function` and `binary_function`.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX17_REMOVED_UNEXPECTED_FUNCTIONS:
	This macro is used to re-enable `set_unexpected`, `get_unexpected`, and
	`unexpected`.

	C++20 Specific Configuration Macros
	-----------------------------------
	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTION:
	This macro is used to re-enable `uncaught_exception`.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_SHARED_PTR_UNIQUE:
	This macro is used to re-enable the function
	``std::shared_ptr<...>::unique()``.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_BINDER_TYPEDEFS:
	This macro is used to re-enable the `argument_type`, `result_type`,
	`first_argument_type`, and `second_argument_type` members of class
	templates such as `plus`, `logical_not`, `hash`, and `owner_less`.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_NEGATORS:
	This macro is used to re-enable `not1`, `not2`, `unary_negate`,
	and `binary_negate`.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_RAW_STORAGE_ITERATOR:
	This macro is used to re-enable `raw_storage_iterator`.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TEMPORARY_BUFFER:
	This macro is used to re-enable `get_temporary_buffer` and `return_temporary_buffer`.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX20_REMOVED_TYPE_TRAITS:
	This macro is used to re-enable `is_literal_type`, `is_literal_type_v`,
	`result_of` and `result_of_t`.


	C++26 Specific Configuration Macros
	-----------------------------------

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_CODECVT:
	This macro is used to re-enable all named declarations in ``<codecvt>``.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_STRING_RESERVE:
	This macro is used to re-enable the function
	``std::basic_string<...>::reserve()``.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_MEMBERS:
	This macro is used to re-enable redundant member of ``allocator<T>::is_always_equal``.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_STRSTREAM:
	This macro is used to re-enable all named declarations in ``<strstream>``.

	_LIBCPP_ENABLE_CXX26_REMOVED_WSTRING_CONVERT:
	This macro is used to re-enable the ``wstring_convert`` and ``wbuffer_convert``
	in ``<locale>``.

	Libc++ Extensions
	=================

	This section documents various extensions provided by libc++, how they're
	provided, and any information regarding how to use them.

	Extended integral type support
	------------------------------

	Several platforms support types that are not specified in the Standard, such as
	the 128-bit integral types ``__int128_t`` and ``__uint128_t``. As an extension,
	libc++ does a best-effort attempt to support these types like other integral
	types, by supporting them notably in:

	* ``<bits>``
	* ``<charconv>``
	* ``<functional>``
	* ``<type_traits>``
	* ``<format>``
	* ``<random>``

	Additional types supported in random distributions
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	The `C++ Standard <http://eel.is/c++draft/rand#req.genl-1.5>`_ mentions that instantiating several random number
	distributions with types other than ``short``, ``int``, ``long``, ``long long``, and their unsigned versions is
	undefined. As an extension, libc++ supports instantiating ``binomial_distribution``, ``discrete_distribution``,
	``geometric_distribution``, ``negative_binomial_distribution``, ``poisson_distribution``, and ``uniform_int_distribution``
	with ``int8_t``, ``__int128_t`` and their unsigned versions.

	Extensions to ``<format>``
	--------------------------

	The exposition only type ``basic-format-string`` and its typedefs
	``format-string`` and ``wformat-string`` became ``basic_format_string``,
	``format_string``, and ``wformat_string`` in C++23. Libc++ makes these types
	available in C++20 as an extension.

	For padding Unicode strings the ``format`` library relies on the Unicode
	Standard. Libc++ retroactively updates the Unicode Standard in older C++
	versions. This allows the library to have better estimates for newly introduced
	Unicode code points, without requiring the user to use the latest C++ version
	in their code base.

	In C++26 formatting pointers gained a type ``P`` and allows to use
	zero-padding. These options have been retroactively applied to C++20.

	Extensions to the C++23 modules ``std`` and ``std.compat``
	----------------------------------------------------------

	Like other major implementations, libc++ provides C++23 modules ``std`` and
	``std.compat`` in C++20 as an extension.

	Constant-initialized std::string
	--------------------------------

	As an implementation-specific optimization, ``std::basic_string`` (``std::string``,
	``std::wstring``, etc.) may either store the string data directly in the object, or else store a
	pointer to heap-allocated memory, depending on the length of the string.

	As of C++20, the constructors are now declared ``constexpr``, which permits strings to be used
	during constant-evaluation time. In libc++, as in other common implementations, it is also possible
	to constant-initialize a string object (e.g. via declaring a variable with ``constinit`` or
	``constexpr``), but, only if the string is short enough to not require a heap allocation. Reliance
	upon this should be discouraged in portable code, as the allowed length differs based on the
	standard-library implementation and also based on whether the platform uses 32-bit or 64-bit
	pointers.

	.. code-block:: cpp

	// Non-portable: 11-char string works on 64-bit libc++, but not on 32-bit.
	constinit std::string x = "hello world";

	// Prefer to use string_view, or remove constinit/constexpr from the variable definition:
	constinit std::string_view x = "hello world";
	std::string_view y = "hello world";

	.. _turning-off-asan:

	Turning off ASan annotation in containers
	-----------------------------------------

	``__asan_annotate_container_with_allocator`` is a customization point to allow users to disable
	`Address Sanitizer annotations for containers <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerContainerOverflow>`_ for specific allocators. This may be necessary for allocators that access allocated memory.
	This customization point exists only when ``_LIBCPP_HAS_ASAN_CONTAINER_ANNOTATIONS_FOR_ALL_ALLOCATORS`` Feature Test Macro is defined.

	For allocators not running destructors, it is also possible to `bulk-unpoison memory <https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerManualPoisoning>`_ instead of disabling annotations altogether.

	The struct may be specialized for user-defined allocators. It is a `Cpp17UnaryTypeTrait <http://eel.is/c++draft/type.traits#meta.rqmts>`_ with a base characteristic of ``true_type`` if the container is allowed to use annotations and ``false_type`` otherwise.

	The annotations for a ``user_allocator`` can be disabled like this:

	.. code-block:: cpp

	#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_ASAN_CONTAINER_ANNOTATIONS_FOR_ALL_ALLOCATORS
	template <class T>
	struct std::__asan_annotate_container_with_allocator<user_allocator<T>> : std::false_type {};
	#endif

	Why may I want to turn it off?
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	There are a few reasons why you may want to turn off annotations for an allocator.
	Unpoisoning may not be an option, if (for example) you are not maintaining the allocator.

	* You are using allocator, which does not call destructor during deallocation.
	* You are aware that memory allocated with an allocator may be accessed, even when unused by container.

	Support for compiler extensions
	-------------------------------

	Clang, GCC and other compilers all provide their own set of language extensions. These extensions
	have often been developed without particular consideration for their interaction with the library,
	and as such, libc++ does not go out of its way to support them. The library may support specific
	compiler extensions which would then be documented explicitly, but the basic expectation should be
	that no special support is provided for arbitrary compiler extensions.

	Platform specific behavior
	==========================

	Windows
	-------

	The ``stdout``, ``stderr``, and ``stdin`` file streams can be placed in
	Unicode mode by a suitable call to ``_setmode()``. When in this mode,
	the sequence of bytes read from, or written to, these streams is interpreted
	as a sequence of little-endian ``wchar_t`` elements. Thus, use of
	``std::cout``, ``std::cerr``, or ``std::cin`` with streams in Unicode mode
	will not behave as they usually do since bytes read or written won't be
	interpreted as individual ``char`` elements. However, ``std::wcout``,
	``std::wcerr``, and ``std::wcin`` will behave as expected.

	Wide character stream such as ``std::wcin`` or ``std::wcout`` imbued with a
	locale behave differently than they otherwise do. By default, wide character
	streams don't convert wide characters but input/output them as is. If a
	specific locale is imbued, the IO with the underlying stream happens with
	regular ``char`` elements, which are converted to/from wide characters
	according to the locale. Note that this doesn't behave as expected if the
	stream has been set in Unicode mode.


	Third-party Integrations
	========================

	Libc++ provides integration with a few third-party tools.

	Debugging libc++ internals in LLDB
	----------------------------------

	LLDB hides the implementation details of libc++ by default.

	E.g., when setting a breakpoint in a comparator passed to ``std::sort``, the
	backtrace will read as

	.. code-block::

	(lldb) thread backtrace
	* thread #1, name = 'a.out', stop reason = breakpoint 3.1
	* frame #0: 0x000055555555520e a.out`my_comparator(a=1, b=8) at test-std-sort.cpp:6:3
	frame #7: 0x0000555555555615 a.out`void std::__1::sort[abi:ne200000]<std::__1::__wrap_iter<int>, bool ()(int, int)>(__first=(item = 8), __last=(item = 0), __comp=(a.out`my_less(int, int) at test-std-sort.cpp:5)) at sort.h:1003:3
	frame #8: 0x000055555555531a a.out`main at test-std-sort.cpp:24:3

	Note how the caller of ``my_comparator`` is shown as ``std::sort``. Looking at
	the frame numbers, we can see that frames #1 until #6 were hidden. Those frames
	represent internal implementation details such as ``__sort4`` and similar
	utility functions.

	To also show those implementation details, use ``thread backtrace -u``.
	Alternatively, to disable those compact backtraces, use ``frame recognizer list``
	and ``frame recognizer disable`` on the "libc++ frame recognizer".

	Futhermore, stepping into libc++ functions is disabled by default. This is controlled via the
	setting ``target.process.thread.step-avoid-regexp`` which defaults to ``^std::`` and can be
	disabled using ``settings set target.process.thread.step-avoid-regexp ""``.

	GDB Pretty printers for libc++
	------------------------------

	GDB does not support pretty-printing of libc++ symbols by default. However, libc++ does
	provide pretty-printers itself. Those can be used as:

	.. code-block:: bash

	$ gdb -ex "source <libcxx>/utils/gdb/libcxx/printers.py" \
	-ex "python register_libcxx_printer_loader()" \
	<args>


	.. _include-what-you-use:

	include-what-you-use (IWYU)
	---------------------------

	libc++ provides an IWYU `mapping file <https://github.com/include-what-you-use/include-what-you-use/blob/master/docs/IWYUMappings.md>`_,
	which drastically improves the accuracy of the tool when using libc++. To use the mapping file with
	IWYU, you should run the tool like so:

	.. code-block:: bash

	$ include-what-you-use -Xiwyu --mapping_file=/path/to/libcxx/include/libcxx.imp file.cpp

	If you would prefer to not use that flag, then you can replace ``/path/to/include-what-you-use/share/libcxx.imp``
	file with the libc++-provided ``libcxx.imp`` file.