[libc++][docs] Rename documentation files to Markdown (batch 2) (#222062)

Tracking issue: #201242
See the [migration guide] for more information.

[migration guide]:
https://llvm.org/docs/SphinxQuickstartTemplate.html#markdown-migration-guidelines

This is the initial straight rename commit. It will probably break the
docs build, but it has to be a separate PR for blame preservation
purposes.

GitOrigin-RevId: b08d731d282fc5d9ddcd08c66a135af1dee6ad13
16 files changed