[libc++] Bump `__cpp_lib_optional` and `__cpp_lib_variant` (#113650)

In C++20 mode, `__cpp_lib_optional` and `__cpp_lib_variant` should be
`202106L` due to DR P2231R1.

In C++26 mode, `__cpp_lib_variant` should be bumped to `202306L` due to
P2637R3.
- Clang 16/17 shouldn't get this bumping (as member `visit` requires
explicit object parameters), but it's very tricky to make the bumping
conditionally enabled. I _hope_ unconditionally bumping in C++26 will be
OK for LLVM 20 when the support for Clang 17 is dropped.

Related PRs:
- https://reviews.llvm.org/D102119
- #83335
- #76447

GitOrigin-RevId: cae351f3453a0a26ec8eb2ddaf773c24a29d929e
8 files changed