[libc][math][c23] Fix bounds checking and add FE_INVALID raising in {,u}fromfp{,x}* (#86892)

See
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/86692#issuecomment-2024044889
and
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/86892#discussion_r1542276037.

cc @lntue @nickdesaulniers

GitOrigin-RevId: 6aee1f9d1833f7ac000f6451a5d440b3a321a557
5 files changed