[libc][math] Refactor log10, log1p, log2 implementation to header-only in src/__support/math folder. (#176089)

Part of #147386

in preparation for:

https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-make-clang-builtin-math-functions-constexpr-with-llvm-libc-to-support-c-23-constexpr-math-functions/86450

GitOrigin-RevId: 86a2486bff5b9633c59f0b7e5f4486edcc3a736a