[libc] Re-organize the math function tables in docs (#87412)

Re-organizes the tables that listed libc's support for math functions,
and adds two new columns to the tables indicating where the respective
function definitions and error handling methods are located in the C23
standard draft WG14-N3096.

GitOrigin-RevId: 2fb5440e76dd61f91006d9d2831cf5c9235cd109
1 file changed