runtime/io-api.cpp

//===-- runtime/io-api.cpp ------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

// Implements the I/O statement API

#include "flang/Runtime/io-api.h"
#include "descriptor-io.h"
#include "edit-input.h"
#include "edit-output.h"
#include "environment.h"
#include "format.h"
#include "io-stmt.h"
#include "terminator.h"
#include "tools.h"
#include "unit.h"
#include "flang/Common/optional.h"
#include "flang/Runtime/descriptor.h"
#include "flang/Runtime/memory.h"
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>

namespace Fortran::runtime::io {
RT_EXT_API_GROUP_BEGIN

RT_API_ATTRS const char *InquiryKeywordHashDecode(
    char *buffer, std::size_t n, InquiryKeywordHash hash) {
  if (n < 1) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  char *p{buffer + n};
  *--p = '\0';
  while (hash > 1) {
    if (p < buffer) {
      return nullptr;
    }
    *--p = 'A' + (hash % 26);
    hash /= 26;
  }
  return hash == 1 ? p : nullptr;
}

template <Direction DIR>
RT_API_ATTRS Cookie BeginInternalArrayListIO(const Descriptor &descriptor,
    void ** /*scratchArea*/, std::size_t /*scratchBytes*/,
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator oom{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  return &New<InternalListIoStatementState<DIR>>{oom}(
      descriptor, sourceFile, sourceLine)
              .release()
              ->ioStatementState();
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalArrayListOutput)(const Descriptor &descriptor,
    void **scratchArea, std::size_t scratchBytes, const char *sourceFile,
    int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalArrayListIO<Direction::Output>(
      descriptor, scratchArea, scratchBytes, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalArrayListInput)(const Descriptor &descriptor,
    void **scratchArea, std::size_t scratchBytes, const char *sourceFile,
    int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalArrayListIO<Direction::Input>(
      descriptor, scratchArea, scratchBytes, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

template <Direction DIR>
RT_API_ATTRS Cookie BeginInternalArrayFormattedIO(const Descriptor &descriptor,
    const char *format, std::size_t formatLength,
    const Descriptor *formatDescriptor, void ** /*scratchArea*/,
    std::size_t /*scratchBytes*/, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator oom{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  return &New<InternalFormattedIoStatementState<DIR>>{oom}(descriptor, format,
      formatLength, formatDescriptor, sourceFile, sourceLine)
              .release()
              ->ioStatementState();
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalArrayFormattedOutput)(const Descriptor &descriptor,
    const char *format, std::size_t formatLength,
    const Descriptor *formatDescriptor, void **scratchArea,
    std::size_t scratchBytes, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalArrayFormattedIO<Direction::Output>(descriptor, format,
      formatLength, formatDescriptor, scratchArea, scratchBytes, sourceFile,
      sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalArrayFormattedInput)(const Descriptor &descriptor,
    const char *format, std::size_t formatLength,
    const Descriptor *formatDescriptor, void **scratchArea,
    std::size_t scratchBytes, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalArrayFormattedIO<Direction::Input>(descriptor, format,
      formatLength, formatDescriptor, scratchArea, scratchBytes, sourceFile,
      sourceLine);
}

template <Direction DIR>
RT_API_ATTRS Cookie BeginInternalListIO(
    std::conditional_t<DIR == Direction::Input, const char, char> *internal,
    std::size_t internalLength, void ** /*scratchArea*/,
    std::size_t /*scratchBytes*/, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator oom{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  return &New<InternalListIoStatementState<DIR>>{oom}(
      internal, internalLength, sourceFile, sourceLine)
              .release()
              ->ioStatementState();
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalListOutput)(char *internal,
    std::size_t internalLength, void **scratchArea, std::size_t scratchBytes,
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalListIO<Direction::Output>(internal, internalLength,
      scratchArea, scratchBytes, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalListInput)(const char *internal,
    std::size_t internalLength, void **scratchArea, std::size_t scratchBytes,
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalListIO<Direction::Input>(internal, internalLength,
      scratchArea, scratchBytes, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

template <Direction DIR>
RT_API_ATTRS Cookie BeginInternalFormattedIO(
    std::conditional_t<DIR == Direction::Input, const char, char> *internal,
    std::size_t internalLength, const char *format, std::size_t formatLength,
    const Descriptor *formatDescriptor, void ** /*scratchArea*/,
    std::size_t /*scratchBytes*/, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator oom{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  return &New<InternalFormattedIoStatementState<DIR>>{oom}(internal,
      internalLength, format, formatLength, formatDescriptor, sourceFile,
      sourceLine)
              .release()
              ->ioStatementState();
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalFormattedOutput)(char *internal,
    std::size_t internalLength, const char *format, std::size_t formatLength,
    const Descriptor *formatDescriptor, void **scratchArea,
    std::size_t scratchBytes, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalFormattedIO<Direction::Output>(internal, internalLength,
      format, formatLength, formatDescriptor, scratchArea, scratchBytes,
      sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInternalFormattedInput)(const char *internal,
    std::size_t internalLength, const char *format, std::size_t formatLength,
    const Descriptor *formatDescriptor, void **scratchArea,
    std::size_t scratchBytes, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginInternalFormattedIO<Direction::Input>(internal, internalLength,
      format, formatLength, formatDescriptor, scratchArea, scratchBytes,
      sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

static RT_API_ATTRS Cookie NoopUnit(const Terminator &terminator,
    int unitNumber, enum Iostat iostat = IostatOk) {
  Cookie cookie{&New<NoopStatementState>{terminator}(
      terminator.sourceFileName(), terminator.sourceLine(), unitNumber)
                     .release()
                     ->ioStatementState()};
  if (iostat != IostatOk) {
    cookie->GetIoErrorHandler().SetPendingError(iostat);
  }
  return cookie;
}

static RT_API_ATTRS ExternalFileUnit *GetOrCreateUnit(int unitNumber,
    Direction direction, Fortran::common::optional<bool> isUnformatted,
    const Terminator &terminator, Cookie &errorCookie) {
  if (ExternalFileUnit *
      unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUpOrCreateAnonymous(
          unitNumber, direction, isUnformatted, terminator)}) {
    errorCookie = nullptr;
    return unit;
  } else {
    errorCookie = NoopUnit(terminator, unitNumber, IostatBadUnitNumber);
    return nullptr;
  }
}

template <Direction DIR, template <Direction> class STATE, typename... A>
RT_API_ATTRS Cookie BeginExternalListIO(
    int unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine, A &&...xs) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  Cookie errorCookie{nullptr};
  ExternalFileUnit *unit{GetOrCreateUnit(
      unitNumber, DIR, false /*!unformatted*/, terminator, errorCookie)};
  if (!unit) {
    return errorCookie;
  }
  if (!unit->isUnformatted.has_value()) {
    unit->isUnformatted = false;
  }
  Iostat iostat{IostatOk};
  if (*unit->isUnformatted) {
    iostat = IostatFormattedIoOnUnformattedUnit;
  }
  if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      iostat = child->CheckFormattingAndDirection(false, DIR);
    }
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ChildListIoStatementState<DIR>>(
          *child, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          iostat, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    if (iostat == IostatOk && unit->access == Access::Direct) {
      iostat = IostatListIoOnDirectAccessUnit;
    }
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      iostat = unit->SetDirection(DIR);
    }
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<STATE<DIR>>(
          terminator, std::forward<A>(xs)..., *unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          terminator, iostat, unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginExternalListOutput)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginExternalListIO<Direction::Output, ExternalListIoStatementState>(
      unitNumber, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginExternalListInput)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginExternalListIO<Direction::Input, ExternalListIoStatementState>(
      unitNumber, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

template <Direction DIR>
RT_API_ATTRS Cookie BeginExternalFormattedIO(const char *format,
    std::size_t formatLength, const Descriptor *formatDescriptor,
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  Cookie errorCookie{nullptr};
  ExternalFileUnit *unit{GetOrCreateUnit(
      unitNumber, DIR, false /*!unformatted*/, terminator, errorCookie)};
  if (!unit) {
    return errorCookie;
  }
  Iostat iostat{IostatOk};
  if (!unit->isUnformatted.has_value()) {
    unit->isUnformatted = false;
  }
  if (*unit->isUnformatted) {
    iostat = IostatFormattedIoOnUnformattedUnit;
  }
  if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      iostat = child->CheckFormattingAndDirection(false, DIR);
    }
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ChildFormattedIoStatementState<DIR>>(
          *child, format, formatLength, formatDescriptor, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          iostat, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      iostat = unit->SetDirection(DIR);
    }
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ExternalFormattedIoStatementState<DIR>>(
          terminator, *unit, format, formatLength, formatDescriptor, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          terminator, iostat, unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginExternalFormattedOutput)(const char *format,
    std::size_t formatLength, const Descriptor *formatDescriptor,
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginExternalFormattedIO<Direction::Output>(format, formatLength,
      formatDescriptor, unitNumber, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginExternalFormattedInput)(const char *format,
    std::size_t formatLength, const Descriptor *formatDescriptor,
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginExternalFormattedIO<Direction::Input>(format, formatLength,
      formatDescriptor, unitNumber, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

template <Direction DIR>
RT_API_ATTRS Cookie BeginUnformattedIO(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  Cookie errorCookie{nullptr};
  ExternalFileUnit *unit{GetOrCreateUnit(
      unitNumber, DIR, true /*unformatted*/, terminator, errorCookie)};
  if (!unit) {
    return errorCookie;
  }
  Iostat iostat{IostatOk};
  if (!unit->isUnformatted.has_value()) {
    unit->isUnformatted = true;
  }
  if (!*unit->isUnformatted) {
    iostat = IostatUnformattedIoOnFormattedUnit;
  }
  if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      iostat = child->CheckFormattingAndDirection(true, DIR);
    }
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ChildUnformattedIoStatementState<DIR>>(
          *child, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          iostat, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      iostat = unit->SetDirection(DIR);
    }
    if (iostat == IostatOk) {
      IoStatementState &io{
          unit->BeginIoStatement<ExternalUnformattedIoStatementState<DIR>>(
              terminator, *unit, sourceFile, sourceLine)};
      if constexpr (DIR == Direction::Output) {
        if (unit->access == Access::Sequential) {
          // Create space for (sub)record header to be completed by
          // ExternalFileUnit::AdvanceRecord()
          unit->recordLength.reset(); // in case of prior BACKSPACE
          io.Emit("\0\0\0\0", 4); // placeholder for record length header
        }
      }
      return &io;
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          terminator, iostat, unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginUnformattedOutput)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginUnformattedIO<Direction::Output>(
      unitNumber, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginUnformattedInput)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return BeginUnformattedIO<Direction::Input>(
      unitNumber, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginOpenUnit)( // OPEN(without NEWUNIT=)
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  bool wasExtant{false};
  if (ExternalFileUnit *
      unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUpOrCreate(
          unitNumber, terminator, wasExtant)}) {
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          IostatBadOpOnChildUnit, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<OpenStatementState>(terminator, *unit,
          wasExtant, false /*not NEWUNIT=*/, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    return NoopUnit(terminator, unitNumber, IostatBadUnitNumber);
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginOpenNewUnit)( // OPEN(NEWUNIT=j)
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  ExternalFileUnit &unit{
      ExternalFileUnit::NewUnit(terminator, false /*not child I/O*/)};
  return &unit.BeginIoStatement<OpenStatementState>(terminator, unit,
      false /*was an existing file*/, true /*NEWUNIT=*/, sourceFile,
      sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginWait)(ExternalUnit unitNumber, AsynchronousId id,
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  if (ExternalFileUnit * unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUp(unitNumber)}) {
    if (unit->Wait(id)) {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ExternalMiscIoStatementState>(terminator,
          *unit, ExternalMiscIoStatementState::Wait, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          terminator, IostatBadWaitId, unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    return NoopUnit(
        terminator, unitNumber, id == 0 ? IostatOk : IostatBadWaitUnit);
  }
}
Cookie IODEF(BeginWaitAll)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return IONAME(BeginWait)(unitNumber, 0 /*no ID=*/, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginClose)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  if (ExternalFileUnit * unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUp(unitNumber)}) {
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          IostatBadOpOnChildUnit, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    }
  }
  if (ExternalFileUnit * unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUpForClose(unitNumber)}) {
    return &unit->BeginIoStatement<CloseStatementState>(
        terminator, *unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
  } else {
    // CLOSE(UNIT=bad unit) is just a no-op
    return NoopUnit(terminator, unitNumber);
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginFlush)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  if (ExternalFileUnit * unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUp(unitNumber)}) {
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ExternalMiscIoStatementState>(
          *unit, ExternalMiscIoStatementState::Flush, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ExternalMiscIoStatementState>(terminator,
          *unit, ExternalMiscIoStatementState::Flush, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    // FLUSH(UNIT=bad unit) is an error; an unconnected unit is a no-op
    return NoopUnit(terminator, unitNumber,
        unitNumber >= 0 ? IostatOk : IostatBadFlushUnit);
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginBackspace)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  if (ExternalFileUnit * unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUp(unitNumber)}) {
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          IostatBadOpOnChildUnit, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ExternalMiscIoStatementState>(terminator,
          *unit, ExternalMiscIoStatementState::Backspace, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    return NoopUnit(terminator, unitNumber, IostatBadBackspaceUnit);
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginEndfile)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  Cookie errorCookie{nullptr};
  if (ExternalFileUnit *
      unit{GetOrCreateUnit(unitNumber, Direction::Output,
          Fortran::common::nullopt, terminator, errorCookie)}) {
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          IostatBadOpOnChildUnit, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ExternalMiscIoStatementState>(terminator,
          *unit, ExternalMiscIoStatementState::Endfile, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    return errorCookie;
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginRewind)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  Cookie errorCookie{nullptr};
  if (ExternalFileUnit *
      unit{GetOrCreateUnit(unitNumber, Direction::Input,
          Fortran::common::nullopt, terminator, errorCookie)}) {
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<ErroneousIoStatementState>(
          IostatBadOpOnChildUnit, nullptr /* no unit */, sourceFile,
          sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<ExternalMiscIoStatementState>(terminator,
          *unit, ExternalMiscIoStatementState::Rewind, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    return errorCookie;
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInquireUnit)(
    ExternalUnit unitNumber, const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  if (ExternalFileUnit * unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUp(unitNumber)}) {
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<InquireUnitState>(
          *unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<InquireUnitState>(
          terminator, *unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    // INQUIRE(UNIT=unrecognized unit)
    return &New<InquireNoUnitState>{terminator}(
        sourceFile, sourceLine, unitNumber)
                .release()
                ->ioStatementState();
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInquireFile)(const char *path, std::size_t pathLength,
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator terminator{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  auto trimmed{SaveDefaultCharacter(
      path, TrimTrailingSpaces(path, pathLength), terminator)};
  if (ExternalFileUnit *
      unit{ExternalFileUnit::LookUp(
          trimmed.get(), Fortran::runtime::strlen(trimmed.get()))}) {
    // INQUIRE(FILE=) to a connected unit
    if (ChildIo * child{unit->GetChildIo()}) {
      return &child->BeginIoStatement<InquireUnitState>(
          *unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    } else {
      return &unit->BeginIoStatement<InquireUnitState>(
          terminator, *unit, sourceFile, sourceLine);
    }
  } else {
    return &New<InquireUnconnectedFileState>{terminator}(
        std::move(trimmed), sourceFile, sourceLine)
                .release()
                ->ioStatementState();
  }
}

Cookie IODEF(BeginInquireIoLength)(const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  Terminator oom{sourceFile, sourceLine};
  return &New<InquireIOLengthState>{oom}(sourceFile, sourceLine)
              .release()
              ->ioStatementState();
}

// Control list items

void IODEF(EnableHandlers)(Cookie cookie, bool hasIoStat, bool hasErr,
    bool hasEnd, bool hasEor, bool hasIoMsg) {
  IoErrorHandler &handler{cookie->GetIoErrorHandler()};
  if (hasIoStat) {
    handler.HasIoStat();
  }
  if (hasErr) {
    handler.HasErrLabel();
  }
  if (hasEnd) {
    handler.HasEndLabel();
  }
  if (hasEor) {
    handler.HasEorLabel();
  }
  if (hasIoMsg) {
    handler.HasIoMsg();
  }
}

static RT_API_ATTRS bool YesOrNo(const char *keyword, std::size_t length,
    const char *what, IoErrorHandler &handler) {
  static const char *keywords[]{"YES", "NO", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    return true;
  case 1:
    return false;
  default:
    handler.SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword, "Invalid %s='%.*s'", what,
        static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetAdvance)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  bool nonAdvancing{!YesOrNo(keyword, length, "ADVANCE", handler)};
  if (nonAdvancing && io.GetConnectionState().access == Access::Direct) {
    handler.SignalError("Non-advancing I/O attempted on direct access file");
  } else {
    auto *unit{io.GetExternalFileUnit()};
    if (unit && unit->GetChildIo()) {
      // ADVANCE= is ignored for child I/O (12.6.4.8.3 p3)
    } else {
      io.mutableModes().nonAdvancing = nonAdvancing;
    }
  }
  return !handler.InError();
}

bool IODEF(SetBlank)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  static const char *keywords[]{"NULL", "ZERO", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    io.mutableModes().editingFlags &= ~blankZero;
    return true;
  case 1:
    io.mutableModes().editingFlags |= blankZero;
    return true;
  default:
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
        "Invalid BLANK='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetDecimal)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  static const char *keywords[]{"COMMA", "POINT", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    io.mutableModes().editingFlags |= decimalComma;
    return true;
  case 1:
    io.mutableModes().editingFlags &= ~decimalComma;
    return true;
  default:
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
        "Invalid DECIMAL='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetDelim)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  static const char *keywords[]{"APOSTROPHE", "QUOTE", "NONE", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    io.mutableModes().delim = '\'';
    return true;
  case 1:
    io.mutableModes().delim = '"';
    return true;
  case 2:
    io.mutableModes().delim = '\0';
    return true;
  default:
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
        "Invalid DELIM='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetPad)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  io.mutableModes().pad = YesOrNo(keyword, length, "PAD", handler);
  return !handler.InError();
}

bool IODEF(SetPos)(Cookie cookie, std::int64_t pos) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  if (auto *unit{io.GetExternalFileUnit()}) {
    return unit->SetStreamPos(pos, handler);
  } else if (!io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    handler.Crash("SetPos() called on internal unit");
  }
  return false;
}

bool IODEF(SetRec)(Cookie cookie, std::int64_t rec) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  if (auto *unit{io.GetExternalFileUnit()}) {
    if (unit->GetChildIo()) {
      handler.SignalError(
          IostatBadOpOnChildUnit, "REC= specifier on child I/O");
    } else {
      unit->SetDirectRec(rec, handler);
    }
  } else if (!io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    handler.Crash("SetRec() called on internal unit");
  }
  return true;
}

bool IODEF(SetRound)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  static const char *keywords[]{"UP", "DOWN", "ZERO", "NEAREST", "COMPATIBLE",
      "PROCESSOR_DEFINED", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    io.mutableModes().round = decimal::RoundUp;
    return true;
  case 1:
    io.mutableModes().round = decimal::RoundDown;
    return true;
  case 2:
    io.mutableModes().round = decimal::RoundToZero;
    return true;
  case 3:
    io.mutableModes().round = decimal::RoundNearest;
    return true;
  case 4:
    io.mutableModes().round = decimal::RoundCompatible;
    return true;
  case 5:
    io.mutableModes().round = executionEnvironment.defaultOutputRoundingMode;
    return true;
  default:
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
        "Invalid ROUND='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetSign)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  static const char *keywords[]{
      "PLUS", "SUPPRESS", "PROCESSOR_DEFINED", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    io.mutableModes().editingFlags |= signPlus;
    return true;
  case 1:
  case 2: // processor default is SS
    io.mutableModes().editingFlags &= ~signPlus;
    return true;
  default:
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
        "Invalid SIGN='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetAccess)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetAccess() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetAccess() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  static const char *keywords[]{
      "SEQUENTIAL", "DIRECT", "STREAM", "APPEND", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    open->set_access(Access::Sequential);
    break;
  case 1:
    open->set_access(Access::Direct);
    break;
  case 2:
    open->set_access(Access::Stream);
    break;
  case 3: // Sun Fortran extension ACCESS=APPEND: treat as if POSITION=APPEND
    open->set_position(Position::Append);
    break;
  default:
    open->SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword, "Invalid ACCESS='%.*s'",
        static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
  }
  return true;
}

bool IODEF(SetAction)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetAction() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetAction() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  Fortran::common::optional<Action> action;
  static const char *keywords[]{"READ", "WRITE", "READWRITE", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    action = Action::Read;
    break;
  case 1:
    action = Action::Write;
    break;
  case 2:
    action = Action::ReadWrite;
    break;
  default:
    open->SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword, "Invalid ACTION='%.*s'",
        static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
  RUNTIME_CHECK(io.GetIoErrorHandler(), action.has_value());
  if (open->wasExtant()) {
    if ((*action != Action::Write) != open->unit().mayRead() ||
        (*action != Action::Read) != open->unit().mayWrite()) {
      open->SignalError("ACTION= may not be changed on an open unit");
    }
  }
  open->set_action(*action);
  return true;
}

bool IODEF(SetAsynchronous)(
    Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  bool isYes{YesOrNo(keyword, length, "ASYNCHRONOUS", handler)};
  if (auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()}) {
    if (open->completedOperation()) {
      handler.Crash(
          "SetAsynchronous() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
    }
    open->unit().set_mayAsynchronous(isYes);
  } else if (auto *ext{io.get_if<ExternalIoStatementBase>()}) {
    if (isYes) {
      if (ext->unit().mayAsynchronous()) {
        ext->SetAsynchronous();
      } else {
        handler.SignalError(IostatBadAsynchronous);
      }
    }
  } else if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
      !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    handler.Crash("SetAsynchronous() called when not in an OPEN or external "
                  "I/O statement");
  }
  return !handler.InError();
}

bool IODEF(SetCarriagecontrol)(
    Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetCarriageControl() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetCarriageControl() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  static const char *keywords[]{"LIST", "FORTRAN", "NONE", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    return true;
  case 1:
  case 2:
    open->SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
        "Unimplemented CARRIAGECONTROL='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length),
        keyword);
    return false;
  default:
    open->SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword, "Invalid CARRIAGECONTROL='%.*s'",
        static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetConvert)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetConvert() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetConvert() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  if (auto convert{GetConvertFromString(keyword, length)}) {
    open->set_convert(*convert);
    return true;
  } else {
    open->SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword, "Invalid CONVERT='%.*s'",
        static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    return false;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetEncoding)(
    Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetEncoding() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetEncoding() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  // Allow the encoding to be changed on an open unit -- it's
  // useful and safe.
  static const char *keywords[]{"UTF-8", "DEFAULT", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    open->unit().isUTF8 = true;
    break;
  case 1:
    open->unit().isUTF8 = false;
    break;
  default:
    open->SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword, "Invalid ENCODING='%.*s'",
        static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
  }
  return true;
}

bool IODEF(SetForm)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetForm() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetForm() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  static const char *keywords[]{"FORMATTED", "UNFORMATTED", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, keywords)) {
  case 0:
    open->set_isUnformatted(false);
    break;
  case 1:
    open->set_isUnformatted(true);
    break;
  default:
    open->SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword, "Invalid FORM='%.*s'",
        static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
  }
  return true;
}

bool IODEF(SetPosition)(
    Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetPosition() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetPosition() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  static const char *positions[]{"ASIS", "REWIND", "APPEND", nullptr};
  switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, positions)) {
  case 0:
    open->set_position(Position::AsIs);
    return true;
  case 1:
    open->set_position(Position::Rewind);
    return true;
  case 2:
    open->set_position(Position::Append);
    return true;
  default:
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
        "Invalid POSITION='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
  }
  return true;
}

bool IODEF(SetRecl)(Cookie cookie, std::size_t n) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetRecl() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (open->completedOperation()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetRecl() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
  }
  if (n <= 0) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError("RECL= must be greater than zero");
    return false;
  } else if (open->wasExtant() &&
      open->unit().openRecl.value_or(0) != static_cast<std::int64_t>(n)) {
    open->SignalError("RECL= may not be changed for an open unit");
    return false;
  } else {
    open->unit().openRecl = n;
    return true;
  }
}

bool IODEF(SetStatus)(Cookie cookie, const char *keyword, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  if (auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()}) {
    if (open->completedOperation()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetStatus() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
    }
    static const char *statuses[]{
        "OLD", "NEW", "SCRATCH", "REPLACE", "UNKNOWN", nullptr};
    switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, statuses)) {
    case 0:
      open->set_status(OpenStatus::Old);
      return true;
    case 1:
      open->set_status(OpenStatus::New);
      return true;
    case 2:
      open->set_status(OpenStatus::Scratch);
      return true;
    case 3:
      open->set_status(OpenStatus::Replace);
      return true;
    case 4:
      open->set_status(OpenStatus::Unknown);
      return true;
    default:
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
          "Invalid STATUS='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    }
    return false;
  }
  if (auto *close{io.get_if<CloseStatementState>()}) {
    static const char *statuses[]{"KEEP", "DELETE", nullptr};
    switch (IdentifyValue(keyword, length, statuses)) {
    case 0:
      close->set_status(CloseStatus::Keep);
      return true;
    case 1:
      close->set_status(CloseStatus::Delete);
      return true;
    default:
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(IostatErrorInKeyword,
          "Invalid STATUS='%.*s'", static_cast<int>(length), keyword);
    }
    return false;
  }
  if (io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() ||
      io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    return true; // don't bother validating STATUS= in a no-op CLOSE
  }
  io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
      "SetStatus() called when not in an OPEN or CLOSE statement");
}

bool IODEF(SetFile)(Cookie cookie, const char *path, std::size_t chars) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  if (auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()}) {
    if (open->completedOperation()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "SetFile() called after GetNewUnit() for an OPEN statement");
    }
    open->set_path(path, chars);
    return true;
  } else if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
      !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
        "SetFile() called when not in an OPEN statement");
  }
  return false;
}

bool IODEF(GetNewUnit)(Cookie cookie, int &unit, int kind) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  auto *open{io.get_if<OpenStatementState>()};
  if (!open) {
    if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
        !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
      io.GetIoErrorHandler().Crash(
          "GetNewUnit() called when not in an OPEN statement");
    }
    return false;
  } else if (!open->InError()) {
    open->CompleteOperation();
  }
  if (open->InError()) {
    // A failed OPEN(NEWUNIT=n) does not modify 'n'
    return false;
  }
  std::int64_t result{open->unit().unitNumber()};
  if (!SetInteger(unit, kind, result)) {
    open->SignalError("GetNewUnit(): bad INTEGER kind(%d) or out-of-range "
                      "value(%jd) for result",
        kind, static_cast<std::intmax_t>(result));
  }
  return true;
}

// Data transfers

bool IODEF(OutputDescriptor)(Cookie cookie, const Descriptor &descriptor) {
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(InputDescriptor)(Cookie cookie, const Descriptor &descriptor) {
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputInteger8)(Cookie cookie, std::int8_t n) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputInteger8")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Integer, 1, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&n), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputInteger16)(Cookie cookie, std::int16_t n) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputInteger16")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Integer, 2, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&n), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputInteger32)(Cookie cookie, std::int32_t n) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputInteger32")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Integer, 4, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&n), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputInteger64)(Cookie cookie, std::int64_t n) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputInteger64")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Integer, 8, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&n), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
bool IODEF(OutputInteger128)(Cookie cookie, common::int128_t n) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputInteger128")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Integer, 16, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&n), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}
#endif

bool IODEF(InputInteger)(Cookie cookie, std::int64_t &n, int kind) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Input>("InputInteger")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Integer, kind, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&n), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputReal32)(Cookie cookie, float x) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputReal32")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(TypeCategory::Real, 4, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&x), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputReal64)(Cookie cookie, double x) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputReal64")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(TypeCategory::Real, 8, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&x), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(InputReal32)(Cookie cookie, float &x) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Input>("InputReal32")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(TypeCategory::Real, 4, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&x), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(InputReal64)(Cookie cookie, double &x) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Input>("InputReal64")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(TypeCategory::Real, 8, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&x), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputComplex32)(Cookie cookie, float r, float i) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputComplex32")) {
    return false;
  }
  float z[2]{r, i};
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Complex, 4, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&z), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputComplex64)(Cookie cookie, double r, double i) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputComplex64")) {
    return false;
  }
  double z[2]{r, i};
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Complex, 8, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&z), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(InputComplex32)(Cookie cookie, float z[2]) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Input>("InputComplex32")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Complex, 4, reinterpret_cast<void *>(z), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(InputComplex64)(Cookie cookie, double z[2]) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Input>("InputComplex64")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Complex, 8, reinterpret_cast<void *>(z), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputCharacter)(
    Cookie cookie, const char *x, std::size_t length, int kind) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputCharacter")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      kind, length, reinterpret_cast<void *>(const_cast<char *>(x)), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputAscii)(Cookie cookie, const char *x, std::size_t length) {
  return IONAME(OutputCharacter(cookie, x, length, 1));
}

bool IODEF(InputCharacter)(
    Cookie cookie, char *x, std::size_t length, int kind) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Input>("InputCharacter")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(kind, length, reinterpret_cast<void *>(x), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(InputAscii)(Cookie cookie, char *x, std::size_t length) {
  return IONAME(InputCharacter)(cookie, x, length, 1);
}

bool IODEF(OutputLogical)(Cookie cookie, bool truth) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Output>("OutputLogical")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Logical, sizeof truth, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&truth), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(InputLogical)(Cookie cookie, bool &truth) {
  if (!cookie->CheckFormattedStmtType<Direction::Input>("InputLogical")) {
    return false;
  }
  StaticDescriptor<0> staticDescriptor;
  Descriptor &descriptor{staticDescriptor.descriptor()};
  descriptor.Establish(
      TypeCategory::Logical, sizeof truth, reinterpret_cast<void *>(&truth), 0);
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor);
}

bool IODEF(OutputDerivedType)(Cookie cookie, const Descriptor &descriptor,
    const NonTbpDefinedIoTable *table) {
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Output>(*cookie, descriptor, table);
}

bool IODEF(InputDerivedType)(Cookie cookie, const Descriptor &descriptor,
    const NonTbpDefinedIoTable *table) {
  return descr::DescriptorIO<Direction::Input>(*cookie, descriptor, table);
}

std::size_t IODEF(GetSize)(Cookie cookie) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  if (!handler.InError()) {
    io.CompleteOperation();
  }
  if (const auto *formatted{
          io.get_if<FormattedIoStatementState<Direction::Input>>()}) {
    return formatted->GetEditDescriptorChars();
  } else if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
      !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    handler.Crash("GetIoSize() called for an I/O statement that is not a "
                  "formatted READ()");
  }
  return 0;
}

std::size_t IODEF(GetIoLength)(Cookie cookie) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  if (!handler.InError()) {
    io.CompleteOperation();
  }
  if (const auto *inq{io.get_if<InquireIOLengthState>()}) {
    return inq->bytes();
  } else if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
      !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    handler.Crash("GetIoLength() called for an I/O statement that is not "
                  "INQUIRE(IOLENGTH=)");
  }
  return 0;
}

void IODEF(GetIoMsg)(Cookie cookie, char *msg, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  if (!handler.InError()) {
    io.CompleteOperation();
  }
  if (handler.InError()) { // leave "msg" alone when no error
    handler.GetIoMsg(msg, length);
  }
}

AsynchronousId IODEF(GetAsynchronousId)(Cookie cookie) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  IoErrorHandler &handler{io.GetIoErrorHandler()};
  if (auto *ext{io.get_if<ExternalIoStatementBase>()}) {
    return ext->asynchronousID();
  } else if (!io.get_if<NoopStatementState>() &&
      !io.get_if<ErroneousIoStatementState>()) {
    handler.Crash(
        "GetAsynchronousId() called when not in an external I/O statement");
  }
  return 0;
}

bool IODEF(InquireCharacter)(Cookie cookie, InquiryKeywordHash inquiry,
    char *result, std::size_t length) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  return io.Inquire(inquiry, result, length);
}

bool IODEF(InquireLogical)(
    Cookie cookie, InquiryKeywordHash inquiry, bool &result) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  return io.Inquire(inquiry, result);
}

bool IODEF(InquirePendingId)(Cookie cookie, AsynchronousId id, bool &result) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  return io.Inquire(HashInquiryKeyword("PENDING"), id, result);
}

bool IODEF(InquireInteger64)(
    Cookie cookie, InquiryKeywordHash inquiry, std::int64_t &result, int kind) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  std::int64_t n{0}; // safe "undefined" value
  if (io.Inquire(inquiry, n)) {
    if (SetInteger(result, kind, n)) {
      return true;
    }
    io.GetIoErrorHandler().SignalError(
        "InquireInteger64(): bad INTEGER kind(%d) or out-of-range "
        "value(%jd) for result",
        kind, static_cast<std::intmax_t>(n));
  }
  return false;
}

enum Iostat IODEF(EndIoStatement)(Cookie cookie) {
  IoStatementState &io{*cookie};
  return static_cast<enum Iostat>(io.EndIoStatement());
}

template <typename INT>
static RT_API_ATTRS enum Iostat CheckUnitNumberInRangeImpl(INT unit,
    bool handleError, char *ioMsg, std::size_t ioMsgLength,
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  static_assert(sizeof(INT) >= sizeof(ExternalUnit),
      "only intended to be used when the INT to ExternalUnit conversion is "
      "narrowing");
  if (unit != static_cast<ExternalUnit>(unit)) {
    Terminator oom{sourceFile, sourceLine};
    IoErrorHandler errorHandler{oom};
    if (handleError) {
      errorHandler.HasIoStat();
      if (ioMsg) {
        errorHandler.HasIoMsg();
      }
    }
    // Only provide the bad unit number in the message if SignalError can print
    // it accurately. Otherwise, the generic IostatUnitOverflow message will be
    // used.
    if constexpr (sizeof(INT) > sizeof(std::intmax_t)) {
      errorHandler.SignalError(IostatUnitOverflow);
    } else if (static_cast<std::intmax_t>(unit) == unit) {
      errorHandler.SignalError(IostatUnitOverflow,
          "UNIT number %jd is out of range", static_cast<std::intmax_t>(unit));
    } else {
      errorHandler.SignalError(IostatUnitOverflow);
    }
    if (ioMsg) {
      errorHandler.GetIoMsg(ioMsg, ioMsgLength);
    }
    return static_cast<enum Iostat>(errorHandler.GetIoStat());
  }
  return IostatOk;
}

enum Iostat IODEF(CheckUnitNumberInRange64)(std::int64_t unit, bool handleError,
    char *ioMsg, std::size_t ioMsgLength, const char *sourceFile,
    int sourceLine) {
  return CheckUnitNumberInRangeImpl(
      unit, handleError, ioMsg, ioMsgLength, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}

#ifdef __SIZEOF_INT128__
enum Iostat IODEF(CheckUnitNumberInRange128)(common::int128_t unit,
    bool handleError, char *ioMsg, std::size_t ioMsgLength,
    const char *sourceFile, int sourceLine) {
  return CheckUnitNumberInRangeImpl(
      unit, handleError, ioMsg, ioMsgLength, sourceFile, sourceLine);
}
#endif

} // namespace Fortran::runtime::io

#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERBOSE_ABORT)
// Provide own definition for `std::__libcpp_verbose_abort` to avoid dependency
// on the version provided by libc++.

void std::__libcpp_verbose_abort(char const *format, ...) {
  va_list list;
  va_start(list, format);
  std::vfprintf(stderr, format, list);
  va_end(list);

  std::abort();
}
#endif

RT_EXT_API_GROUP_END