llvm/docs/GlobalISel/Legalizer.md - llvm-project - Git at Google

 (milegalizer)=

 # Legalizer

 This pass transforms the generic machine instructions such that they are legal.

 A legal instruction is defined as:

 - **selectable** --- the target will later be able to select it to a
   target-specific (non-generic) instruction. This doesn't necessarily mean that
   {doc}`InstructionSelect` has to handle it though. It just means that
   **something** must handle it.
 - operating on **vregs that can be loaded and stored** -- if necessary, the
   target can select a `G_LOAD`/`G_STORE` of each gvreg operand.

 Unlike SelectionDAG, there are no legalization phases. In particular,
 'type' and 'operation' legalization are not separate.

 Legalization is iterative, and all state is contained in GMIR. To maintain the
 validity of the intermediate code, instructions are introduced:

 - `G_MERGE_VALUES` --- concatenate multiple registers of the same
   size into a single wider register.
 - `G_UNMERGE_VALUES` --- extract multiple registers of the same size
   from a single wider register.
 - `G_EXTRACT` --- extract a simple register (as contiguous sequences of bits)
   from a single wider register.

 As they are expected to be temporary byproducts of the legalization process,
 they are combined at the end of the {ref}`milegalizer` pass.
 If any remain, they are expected to always be selectable, using loads and stores
 if necessary.

 The legality of an instruction may only depend on the instruction itself and
 must not depend on any context in which the instruction is used. However, after
 deciding that an instruction is not legal, using the context of the instruction
 to decide how to legalize the instruction is permitted. As an example, if we
 have a `G_FOO` instruction of the form:

 ```
 %1:_(s32) = G_CONSTANT i32 1
 %2:_(s32) = G_FOO %0:_(s32), %1:_(s32)
 ```

 it's impossible to say that `G_FOO` is legal iff %1 is a `G_CONSTANT` with
 value `1`. However, the following:

 ```
 %2:_(s32) = G_FOO %0:_(s32), i32 1
 ```

 can say that it's legal iff operand 2 is an immediate with value `1` because
 that information is entirely contained within the single instruction.

 (api-legalizerinfo)=

 ## API: LegalizerInfo

 The API looks like this:

 ```
 getActionDefinitionsBuilder({G_ADD, G_SUB, G_MUL, G_AND, G_OR, G_XOR, G_SHL})
     .legalFor({s32, s64, v2s32, v4s32, v2s64})
     .clampScalar(0, s32, s64)
     .widenScalarToNextPow2(0)
     .clampNumElements(0, v2s32, v4s32)
     .clampNumElements(0, v2s64, v2s64)
     .moreElementsToNextPow2(0);
 ```

 and describes a set of rules by which we can either declare an instruction legal
 or decide which action to take to make it more legal.

 At the core of this ruleset is the `LegalityQuery` which describes the
 instruction. We use a description rather than the instruction to both allow other
 passes to determine legality without having to create an instruction and also to
 limit the information available to the predicates to that which is safe to rely
 on. Currently, the information available to the predicates that determine
 legality contains:

 - The opcode for the instruction
 - The type of each type index (see `type0`, `type1`, etc.)
 - The size in bytes and atomic ordering for each MachineMemOperand

 :::{note}
 An alternative worth investigating is to generalize the API to represent
 actions using `std::function` that implements the action, instead of explicit
 enum tokens (`Legal`, `WidenScalar`, ...) that instruct it to call a
 function. This would have some benefits, most notable being that Custom could
 be removed.
 :::

 ### Rule Processing and Declaring Rules

 The `getActionDefinitionsBuilder` function generates a ruleset for the given
 opcode(s) that rules can be added to. If multiple opcodes are given, they are
 all permanently bound to the same ruleset. The rules in a ruleset are executed
 from top to bottom and will start again from the top if an instruction is
 legalized as a result of the rules. If the ruleset is exhausted without
 satisfying any rule, then it is considered unsupported.

 When it doesn't declare the instruction legal, each pass over the rules may
 request that one type be changed to another type. Sometimes this can cause multiple
 types to change but we avoid this as much as possible as making multiple changes
 can make it difficult to avoid infinite loops where, for example, narrowing one
 type causes another to be too small, and widening that type causes the first one
 to be too big.

 In general, it's advisable to declare instructions legal as close to the top of
 the rule as possible and to place any expensive rules as low as possible. This
 helps with performance as testing for legality happens more often than
 legalization and legalization can require multiple passes over the rules.

 As a concrete example, consider the rule:

 ```
 getActionDefinitionsBuilder({G_ADD, G_SUB, G_MUL, G_AND, G_OR, G_XOR, G_SHL})
     .legalFor({s32, s64, v2s32, v4s32, v2s64})
     .clampScalar(0, s32, s64)
     .widenScalarToNextPow2(0);
 ```

 and the instruction:

 ```
 %2:_(s7) = G_ADD %0:_(s7), %1:_(s7)
 ```

 This doesn't meet the predicate for the {ref}`.legalFor() <legalfor>` as `s7`
 is not one of the listed types so it falls through to the
 {ref}`.clampScalar() <clampscalar>`. It does meet the predicate for this rule
 as the type is smaller than the `s32` and this rule instructs the legalizer
 to change type 0 to `s32`. It then restarts from the top. This time it does
 satisfy `.legalFor()` and the resulting output is:

 ```
 %3:_(s32) = G_ANYEXT %0:_(s7)
 %4:_(s32) = G_ANYEXT %1:_(s7)
 %5:_(s32) = G_ADD %3:_(s32), %4:_(s32)
 %2:_(s7) = G_TRUNC %5:_(s32)
 ```

 where the `G_ADD` is legal and the other instructions are scheduled for
 processing by the legalizer.

 ### Rule Actions

 There are various rule factories that append rules to a ruleset, but they have a
 few actions in common:

 (legalfor)=

 - `legalIf()`, `legalFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be legal if the
   predicate is satisfied.
 - `narrowScalarIf()`, `narrowScalarFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
   if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that narrowing the scalars in one
   of the types to a specific type would make it more legal. This action supports
   both scalars and vectors.
 - `widenScalarIf()`, `widenScalarFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
   if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that widening the scalars in one
   of the types to a specific type would make it more legal. This action supports
   both scalars and vectors.
 - `fewerElementsIf()`, `fewerElementsFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be
   illegal if the predicate is satisfied and indicates reducing the number of
   vector elements in one of the types to a specific type would make it more
   legal. This action supports vectors.
 - `moreElementsIf()`, `moreElementsFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
   if the predicate is satisfied and indicates increasing the number of vector
   elements in one of the types to a specific type would make it more legal.
   This action supports vectors.
 - `lowerIf()`, `lowerFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be
   illegal if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that replacing
   it with equivalent instruction(s) would make it more legal. Support
   for this action differs for each opcode. These may provide an
   optional LegalizeMutation containing a type to attempt to perform
   the expansion in a different type.
 - `libcallIf()`, `libcallFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal if the
   predicate is satisfied and indicates that replacing it with a libcall would
   make it more legal. Support for this action differs for
   each opcode.
 - `customIf()`, `customFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal if the
   predicate is satisfied and indicates that the backend developer will supply
   a means of making it more legal.
 - `unsupportedIf()`, `unsupportedFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
   if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that there is no way to make it
   legal and the compiler should fail.

 ### Rule Predicates

 The rule factories also have the following predicates in common:

 - `legal()`, `lower()`, etc. are always satisfied.
 - `legalIf()`, `narrowScalarIf()`, etc. are satisfied if the user-supplied
   `LegalityPredicate` function returns true. This predicate has access to the
   information in the `LegalityQuery` to make its decision.
   User-supplied predicates can also be combined using `all(P0, P1, ...)`.
 - `legalFor()`, `narrowScalarFor()`, etc. are satisfied if the type matches one in
   a given set of types. For example `.legalFor({s16, s32})` declares the
   instruction legal if type 0 is either s16 or s32. Additional versions for two
   and three type indices are generally available. For these, all the type
   indices considered together must match all the types in one of the tuples. So
   `.legalFor({{s16, s32}, {s32, s64}})` will only accept `{s16, s32}`, or
   `{s32, s64}` but will not accept `{s16, s64}`.
 - `legalForTypesWithMemSize()`, `narrowScalarForTypesWithMemSize()`, etc. are
   similar to `legalFor()`, `narrowScalarFor()`, etc. but additionally require a
   MachineMemOperand to have a given size in each tuple.
 - `legalForCartesianProduct()`, `narrowScalarForCartesianProduct()`, etc. are
   satisfied if each type index matches one element in each of the independent
   sets. So `.legalForCartesianProduct({s16, s32}, {s32, s64})` will accept
   `{s16, s32}`, `{s16, s64}`, `{s32, s32}`, and `{s32, s64}`.

 ### Composite Rules

 There are some composite rules for common situations built out of the above facilities:

 - `widenScalarToNextPow2()` is like `widenScalarIf()` but is satisfied iff the type
   size in bits is not a power of 2 and selects a target type that is the next
   largest power of 2.

 (clampscalar)=

 - `minScalar()` is like `widenScalarIf()` but is satisfied iff the type
   size in bits is smaller than the given minimum and selects the minimum as the
   target type. Similarly, there is also a `maxScalar()` for the maximum and a
   `clampScalar()` to do both at once.
 - `minScalarSameAs()` is like `minScalar()` but the minimum is taken from another
   type index.
 - `moreElementsToNextMultiple()` is like `moreElementsToNextPow2()` but is based on
   multiples of X rather than powers of 2.

 (min-legalizerinfo)=

 ## Minimum Rule Set

 GlobalISel's legalizer has a great deal of flexibility in how a given target
 shapes the GMIR that the rest of the backend must handle. However, there are
 a small number of requirements that all targets must meet.

 Before discussing the minimum requirements, we'll need some terminology:

 Producer Type Set

 : The set of types which is the union of all possible types produced by at
   least one legal instruction.

 Consumer Type Set

 : The set of types which is the union of all possible types consumed by at
   least one legal instruction.

 Both sets are often identical, but there's no guarantee of that. For example,
 it's not uncommon to be unable to consume s64 but still be able to produce it
 for a few specific instructions.

 ### Minimum Rules For Scalars

 - `G_ANYEXT` must be legal for all inputs from the producer type set and all larger
   outputs from the consumer type set.
 - `G_TRUNC` must be legal for all inputs from the producer type set and all
   smaller outputs from the consumer type set.

 `G_ANYEXT` and `G_TRUNC` have mandatory legality since the GMIR requires a means to
 connect operations with different type sizes. They are usually trivial to support
 since `G_ANYEXT` doesn't define the value of the additional bits and `G_TRUNC` is
 discarding bits. The other conversions can be lowered into `G_ANYEXT`/`G_TRUNC`
 with some additional operations that are subject to further legalization. For
 example, `G_SEXT` can lower to:

 ```
 %1 = G_ANYEXT %0
 %2 = G_CONSTANT ...
 %3 = G_SHL %1, %2
 %4 = G_ASHR %3, %2
 ```

 and the `G_CONSTANT`/`G_SHL`/`G_ASHR` can further lower to other operations or target
 instructions. Similarly, `G_FPEXT` has no legality requirement since it can lower
 to a `G_ANYEXT` followed by a target instruction.

 `G_MERGE_VALUES` and `G_UNMERGE_VALUES` do not have legality requirements since the
 former can lower to `G_ANYEXT` and some other legalizable instructions, while the
 latter can lower to some legalizable instructions followed by `G_TRUNC`.

 ### Minimum Legality For Vectors

 Within the vector types, there aren't any defined conversions in LLVM IR as
 vectors are often converted by reinterpreting the bits or by decomposing the
 vector and reconstituting it as a different type. As such, `G_BITCAST` is the
 only operation to account for. We generally don't require that it's legal
 because it can usually be lowered to `COPY` (or to nothing using
 `replaceAllUses()`). However, there are situations where `G_BITCAST` is non-trivial
 (e.g. little-endian vectors of big-endian data such as on big-endian MIPS MSA and
 big-endian ARM NEON, see `_i_bitcast`). To account for this, `G_BITCAST` must be
 legal for all type combinations that change the bit pattern in the value.

 There are no legality requirements for `G_BUILD_VECTOR`, or `G_BUILD_VECTOR_TRUNC`
 since these can be handled by:

 * Declaring them legal.
 * Scalarizing them.
 * Lowering them to `G_TRUNC`+`G_ANYEXT` and some legalizable instructions.
 * Lowering them to target instructions which are legal by definition.

 The same reasoning also allows `G_UNMERGE_VALUES` to lack legality requirements
 for vector inputs.

 ### Minimum Legality for Pointers

 There are no minimum rules for pointers since `G_INTTOPTR` and `G_PTRTOINT` can
 be selected to a `COPY` from register class to another by the legalizer.

 ### Minimum Legality For Operations

 The rules for `G_ANYEXT`, `G_MERGE_VALUES`, `G_BITCAST`, `G_BUILD_VECTOR`,
 `G_BUILD_VECTOR_TRUNC`, `G_CONCAT_VECTORS`, `G_UNMERGE_VALUES`, `G_PTRTOINT`, and
 `G_INTTOPTR` have already been noted above. In addition to those, the following
 operations have requirements:

 - `G_IMPLICIT_DEF` must be legal for every type that can be produced
   : by any instruction.
 - `G_PHI` must be legal for all types in the producer and consumer typesets. This
   is usually trivial as it requires no code to be selected.
 - At least one `G_FRAME_INDEX` must be legal
 - At least one `G_BLOCK_ADDR` must be legal

 There are many other operations you'd expect to have legality requirements, but
 they can be lowered to target instructions which are legal by definition.
	(milegalizer)=

	# Legalizer

	This pass transforms the generic machine instructions such that they are legal.

	A legal instruction is defined as:

	- selectable --- the target will later be able to select it to a
	target-specific (non-generic) instruction. This doesn't necessarily mean that
	{doc}`InstructionSelect` has to handle it though. It just means that
	something must handle it.
	- operating on vregs that can be loaded and stored -- if necessary, the
	target can select a `G_LOAD`/`G_STORE` of each gvreg operand.

	Unlike SelectionDAG, there are no legalization phases. In particular,
	'type' and 'operation' legalization are not separate.

	Legalization is iterative, and all state is contained in GMIR. To maintain the
	validity of the intermediate code, instructions are introduced:

	- `G_MERGE_VALUES` --- concatenate multiple registers of the same
	size into a single wider register.
	- `G_UNMERGE_VALUES` --- extract multiple registers of the same size
	from a single wider register.
	- `G_EXTRACT` --- extract a simple register (as contiguous sequences of bits)
	from a single wider register.

	As they are expected to be temporary byproducts of the legalization process,
	they are combined at the end of the {ref}`milegalizer` pass.
	If any remain, they are expected to always be selectable, using loads and stores
	if necessary.

	The legality of an instruction may only depend on the instruction itself and
	must not depend on any context in which the instruction is used. However, after
	deciding that an instruction is not legal, using the context of the instruction
	to decide how to legalize the instruction is permitted. As an example, if we
	have a `G_FOO` instruction of the form:

	```
	%1:_(s32) = G_CONSTANT i32 1
	%2:_(s32) = G_FOO %0:_(s32), %1:_(s32)
	```

	it's impossible to say that `G_FOO` is legal iff %1 is a `G_CONSTANT` with
	value `1`. However, the following:

	```
	%2:_(s32) = G_FOO %0:_(s32), i32 1
	```

	can say that it's legal iff operand 2 is an immediate with value `1` because
	that information is entirely contained within the single instruction.

	(api-legalizerinfo)=

	## API: LegalizerInfo

	The API looks like this:

	```
	getActionDefinitionsBuilder({G_ADD, G_SUB, G_MUL, G_AND, G_OR, G_XOR, G_SHL})
	.legalFor({s32, s64, v2s32, v4s32, v2s64})
	.clampScalar(0, s32, s64)
	.widenScalarToNextPow2(0)
	.clampNumElements(0, v2s32, v4s32)
	.clampNumElements(0, v2s64, v2s64)
	.moreElementsToNextPow2(0);
	```

	and describes a set of rules by which we can either declare an instruction legal
	or decide which action to take to make it more legal.

	At the core of this ruleset is the `LegalityQuery` which describes the
	instruction. We use a description rather than the instruction to both allow other
	passes to determine legality without having to create an instruction and also to
	limit the information available to the predicates to that which is safe to rely
	on. Currently, the information available to the predicates that determine
	legality contains:

	- The opcode for the instruction
	- The type of each type index (see `type0`, `type1`, etc.)
	- The size in bytes and atomic ordering for each MachineMemOperand

	:::{note}
	An alternative worth investigating is to generalize the API to represent
	actions using `std::function` that implements the action, instead of explicit
	enum tokens (`Legal`, `WidenScalar`, ...) that instruct it to call a
	function. This would have some benefits, most notable being that Custom could
	be removed.
	:::

	### Rule Processing and Declaring Rules

	The `getActionDefinitionsBuilder` function generates a ruleset for the given
	opcode(s) that rules can be added to. If multiple opcodes are given, they are
	all permanently bound to the same ruleset. The rules in a ruleset are executed
	from top to bottom and will start again from the top if an instruction is
	legalized as a result of the rules. If the ruleset is exhausted without
	satisfying any rule, then it is considered unsupported.

	When it doesn't declare the instruction legal, each pass over the rules may
	request that one type be changed to another type. Sometimes this can cause multiple
	types to change but we avoid this as much as possible as making multiple changes
	can make it difficult to avoid infinite loops where, for example, narrowing one
	type causes another to be too small, and widening that type causes the first one
	to be too big.

	In general, it's advisable to declare instructions legal as close to the top of
	the rule as possible and to place any expensive rules as low as possible. This
	helps with performance as testing for legality happens more often than
	legalization and legalization can require multiple passes over the rules.

	As a concrete example, consider the rule:

	```
	getActionDefinitionsBuilder({G_ADD, G_SUB, G_MUL, G_AND, G_OR, G_XOR, G_SHL})
	.legalFor({s32, s64, v2s32, v4s32, v2s64})
	.clampScalar(0, s32, s64)
	.widenScalarToNextPow2(0);
	```

	and the instruction:

	```
	%2:_(s7) = G_ADD %0:_(s7), %1:_(s7)
	```

	This doesn't meet the predicate for the {ref}`.legalFor() <legalfor>` as `s7`
	is not one of the listed types so it falls through to the
	{ref}`.clampScalar() <clampscalar>`. It does meet the predicate for this rule
	as the type is smaller than the `s32` and this rule instructs the legalizer
	to change type 0 to `s32`. It then restarts from the top. This time it does
	satisfy `.legalFor()` and the resulting output is:

	```
	%3:_(s32) = G_ANYEXT %0:_(s7)
	%4:_(s32) = G_ANYEXT %1:_(s7)
	%5:_(s32) = G_ADD %3:_(s32), %4:_(s32)
	%2:_(s7) = G_TRUNC %5:_(s32)
	```

	where the `G_ADD` is legal and the other instructions are scheduled for
	processing by the legalizer.

	### Rule Actions

	There are various rule factories that append rules to a ruleset, but they have a
	few actions in common:

	(legalfor)=

	- `legalIf()`, `legalFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be legal if the
	predicate is satisfied.
	- `narrowScalarIf()`, `narrowScalarFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
	if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that narrowing the scalars in one
	of the types to a specific type would make it more legal. This action supports
	both scalars and vectors.
	- `widenScalarIf()`, `widenScalarFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
	if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that widening the scalars in one
	of the types to a specific type would make it more legal. This action supports
	both scalars and vectors.
	- `fewerElementsIf()`, `fewerElementsFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be
	illegal if the predicate is satisfied and indicates reducing the number of
	vector elements in one of the types to a specific type would make it more
	legal. This action supports vectors.
	- `moreElementsIf()`, `moreElementsFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
	if the predicate is satisfied and indicates increasing the number of vector
	elements in one of the types to a specific type would make it more legal.
	This action supports vectors.
	- `lowerIf()`, `lowerFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be
	illegal if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that replacing
	it with equivalent instruction(s) would make it more legal. Support
	for this action differs for each opcode. These may provide an
	optional LegalizeMutation containing a type to attempt to perform
	the expansion in a different type.
	- `libcallIf()`, `libcallFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal if the
	predicate is satisfied and indicates that replacing it with a libcall would
	make it more legal. Support for this action differs for
	each opcode.
	- `customIf()`, `customFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal if the
	predicate is satisfied and indicates that the backend developer will supply
	a means of making it more legal.
	- `unsupportedIf()`, `unsupportedFor()`, etc. declare an instruction to be illegal
	if the predicate is satisfied and indicates that there is no way to make it
	legal and the compiler should fail.

	### Rule Predicates

	The rule factories also have the following predicates in common:

	- `legal()`, `lower()`, etc. are always satisfied.
	- `legalIf()`, `narrowScalarIf()`, etc. are satisfied if the user-supplied
	`LegalityPredicate` function returns true. This predicate has access to the
	information in the `LegalityQuery` to make its decision.
	User-supplied predicates can also be combined using `all(P0, P1, ...)`.
	- `legalFor()`, `narrowScalarFor()`, etc. are satisfied if the type matches one in
	a given set of types. For example `.legalFor({s16, s32})` declares the
	instruction legal if type 0 is either s16 or s32. Additional versions for two
	and three type indices are generally available. For these, all the type
	indices considered together must match all the types in one of the tuples. So
	`.legalFor({{s16, s32}, {s32, s64}})` will only accept `{s16, s32}`, or
	`{s32, s64}` but will not accept `{s16, s64}`.
	- `legalForTypesWithMemSize()`, `narrowScalarForTypesWithMemSize()`, etc. are
	similar to `legalFor()`, `narrowScalarFor()`, etc. but additionally require a
	MachineMemOperand to have a given size in each tuple.
	- `legalForCartesianProduct()`, `narrowScalarForCartesianProduct()`, etc. are
	satisfied if each type index matches one element in each of the independent
	sets. So `.legalForCartesianProduct({s16, s32}, {s32, s64})` will accept
	`{s16, s32}`, `{s16, s64}`, `{s32, s32}`, and `{s32, s64}`.

	### Composite Rules

	There are some composite rules for common situations built out of the above facilities:

	- `widenScalarToNextPow2()` is like `widenScalarIf()` but is satisfied iff the type
	size in bits is not a power of 2 and selects a target type that is the next
	largest power of 2.

	(clampscalar)=

	- `minScalar()` is like `widenScalarIf()` but is satisfied iff the type
	size in bits is smaller than the given minimum and selects the minimum as the
	target type. Similarly, there is also a `maxScalar()` for the maximum and a
	`clampScalar()` to do both at once.
	- `minScalarSameAs()` is like `minScalar()` but the minimum is taken from another
	type index.
	- `moreElementsToNextMultiple()` is like `moreElementsToNextPow2()` but is based on
	multiples of X rather than powers of 2.

	(min-legalizerinfo)=

	## Minimum Rule Set

	GlobalISel's legalizer has a great deal of flexibility in how a given target
	shapes the GMIR that the rest of the backend must handle. However, there are
	a small number of requirements that all targets must meet.

	Before discussing the minimum requirements, we'll need some terminology:

	Producer Type Set

	: The set of types which is the union of all possible types produced by at
	least one legal instruction.

	Consumer Type Set

	: The set of types which is the union of all possible types consumed by at
	least one legal instruction.

	Both sets are often identical, but there's no guarantee of that. For example,
	it's not uncommon to be unable to consume s64 but still be able to produce it
	for a few specific instructions.

	### Minimum Rules For Scalars

	- `G_ANYEXT` must be legal for all inputs from the producer type set and all larger
	outputs from the consumer type set.
	- `G_TRUNC` must be legal for all inputs from the producer type set and all
	smaller outputs from the consumer type set.

	`G_ANYEXT` and `G_TRUNC` have mandatory legality since the GMIR requires a means to
	connect operations with different type sizes. They are usually trivial to support
	since `G_ANYEXT` doesn't define the value of the additional bits and `G_TRUNC` is
	discarding bits. The other conversions can be lowered into `G_ANYEXT`/`G_TRUNC`
	with some additional operations that are subject to further legalization. For
	example, `G_SEXT` can lower to:

	```
	%1 = G_ANYEXT %0
	%2 = G_CONSTANT ...
	%3 = G_SHL %1, %2
	%4 = G_ASHR %3, %2
	```

	and the `G_CONSTANT`/`G_SHL`/`G_ASHR` can further lower to other operations or target
	instructions. Similarly, `G_FPEXT` has no legality requirement since it can lower
	to a `G_ANYEXT` followed by a target instruction.

	`G_MERGE_VALUES` and `G_UNMERGE_VALUES` do not have legality requirements since the
	former can lower to `G_ANYEXT` and some other legalizable instructions, while the
	latter can lower to some legalizable instructions followed by `G_TRUNC`.

	### Minimum Legality For Vectors

	Within the vector types, there aren't any defined conversions in LLVM IR as
	vectors are often converted by reinterpreting the bits or by decomposing the
	vector and reconstituting it as a different type. As such, `G_BITCAST` is the
	only operation to account for. We generally don't require that it's legal
	because it can usually be lowered to `COPY` (or to nothing using
	`replaceAllUses()`). However, there are situations where `G_BITCAST` is non-trivial
	(e.g. little-endian vectors of big-endian data such as on big-endian MIPS MSA and
	big-endian ARM NEON, see `_i_bitcast`). To account for this, `G_BITCAST` must be
	legal for all type combinations that change the bit pattern in the value.

	There are no legality requirements for `G_BUILD_VECTOR`, or `G_BUILD_VECTOR_TRUNC`
	since these can be handled by:

	* Declaring them legal.
	* Scalarizing them.
	* Lowering them to `G_TRUNC`+`G_ANYEXT` and some legalizable instructions.
	* Lowering them to target instructions which are legal by definition.

	The same reasoning also allows `G_UNMERGE_VALUES` to lack legality requirements
	for vector inputs.

	### Minimum Legality for Pointers

	There are no minimum rules for pointers since `G_INTTOPTR` and `G_PTRTOINT` can
	be selected to a `COPY` from register class to another by the legalizer.

	### Minimum Legality For Operations

	The rules for `G_ANYEXT`, `G_MERGE_VALUES`, `G_BITCAST`, `G_BUILD_VECTOR`,
	`G_BUILD_VECTOR_TRUNC`, `G_CONCAT_VECTORS`, `G_UNMERGE_VALUES`, `G_PTRTOINT`, and
	`G_INTTOPTR` have already been noted above. In addition to those, the following
	operations have requirements:

	- `G_IMPLICIT_DEF` must be legal for every type that can be produced
	: by any instruction.
	- `G_PHI` must be legal for all types in the producer and consumer typesets. This
	is usually trivial as it requires no code to be selected.
	- At least one `G_FRAME_INDEX` must be legal
	- At least one `G_BLOCK_ADDR` must be legal

	There are many other operations you'd expect to have legality requirements, but
	they can be lowered to target instructions which are legal by definition.