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How To Cross-Compile Clang/LLVM using Clang/LLVM
===================================================================

Introduction
============

This document contains information about building LLVM and
Clang on host machine, targeting another platform.

For more information on how to use Clang as a cross-compiler,
please check https://clang.llvm.org/docs/CrossCompilation.html.

TODO: Add MIPS and other platforms to this document.

Cross-Compiling from x86_64 to ARM
==================================

In this use case, we'll be using CMake and Ninja, on a Debian-based Linux
system, cross-compiling from an x86_64 host (most Intel and AMD chips
nowadays) to a hard-float ARM target (most ARM targets nowadays).

The packages you'll need are:

 * ``cmake``
 * ``ninja-build`` (from backports in Ubuntu)
 * ``gcc-4.7-arm-linux-gnueabihf``
 * ``gcc-4.7-multilib-arm-linux-gnueabihf``
 * ``binutils-arm-linux-gnueabihf``
 * ``libgcc1-armhf-cross``
 * ``libsfgcc1-armhf-cross``
 * ``libstdc++6-armhf-cross``
 * ``libstdc++6-4.7-dev-armhf-cross``

Configuring CMake
-----------------

For more information on how to configure CMake for LLVM/Clang,
see :doc:`CMake`.

The CMake options you need to add are:

 * ``-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME=<target-system>``
 * ``-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=<install-dir>``
 * ``-DLLVM_NATIVE_TOOL_DIR=<path-to-host-bin>``
 * ``-DLLVM_DEFAULT_TARGET_TRIPLE=arm-linux-gnueabihf``
 * ``-DLLVM_TARGET_ARCH=ARM``
 * ``-DLLVM_TARGETS_TO_BUILD=ARM``

Note: ``CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING`` is always set automatically when ``CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME`` is set. Don't put ``-DCMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING=TRUE`` in your options.

If you're compiling with GCC, you can use architecture options for your target,
and the compiler driver will detect everything that it needs:

 * ``-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS='-march=armv7-a -mcpu=cortex-a9 -mfloat-abi=hard'``

However, if you're using Clang, the driver might not be up-to-date with your
specific Linux distribution, version or GCC layout, so you'll need to fudge.

In addition to the ones above, you'll also need:

 * ``--target=arm-linux-gnueabihf`` or whatever is the triple of your cross GCC.
 * ``'--sysroot=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf'``, ``'--sysroot=/opt/gcc/arm-linux-gnueabihf'``
   or whatever is the location of your GCC's sysroot (where /lib, /bin etc are).
 * Appropriate use of ``-I`` and ``-L``, depending on how the cross GCC is installed,
   and where are the libraries and headers.

The ``LLVM_NATIVE_TOOL_DIR`` option allows you to reuse prebuilt binaries
(``llvm-tblgen``, ``clang-tblgen`` etc) for the build host, if such are
available. If that's not available, the LLVM cross build will automatically
launch a nested build to build the tools that are required.

The CXX flags define the target, cpu (which in this case
defaults to ``fpu=VFP3`` with NEON), and forcing the hard-float ABI. If you're
using Clang as a cross-compiler, you will *also* have to set ``--sysroot``
to make sure it picks the correct linker.

When using Clang, it's important that you choose the triple to be *identical*
to the GCC triple and the sysroot. This will make it easier for Clang to
find the correct tools and include headers. But that won't mean all headers and
libraries will be found. You'll still need to use ``-I`` and ``-L`` to locate
those extra ones, depending on your distribution.

Most of the time, what you want is to have a native compiler to the
platform itself, but not others. So there's rarely a point in compiling
all back-ends. For that reason, you should also set the
``TARGETS_TO_BUILD`` to only build the back-end you're targeting to.

You must set the ``CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX``, otherwise a ``ninja install``
will copy ARM binaries to your root filesystem, which is not what you
want.

Hacks
-----

There are some bugs in current LLVM, which require some fiddling before
running CMake:

#. If you're using Clang as the cross-compiler, there is a problem in
   the LLVM ARM back-end that is producing absolute relocations on
   position-independent code (``R_ARM_THM_MOVW_ABS_NC``), so for now, you
   should disable PIC:

   .. code-block:: bash

      -DLLVM_ENABLE_PIC=False

   This is not a problem, since Clang/LLVM libraries are statically
   linked anyway, it shouldn't affect much.

#. The ARM libraries won't be installed in your system.
   But the CMake prepare step, which checks for
   dependencies, will check the *host* libraries, not the *target*
   ones. Below there's a list of some dependencies, but your project could
   have more, or this document could be outdated. You'll see the errors
   while linking as an indication of that.

   Debian based distros have a way to add ``multiarch``, which adds
   a new architecture and allows you to install packages for those
   systems. See https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/HOWTO for more info.

   But not all distros will have that, and possibly not an easy way to
   install them in any anyway, so you'll have to build/download
   them separately.

   A quick way of getting the libraries is to download them from
   a distribution repository, like Debian (http://packages.debian.org/jessie/),
   and download the missing libraries. Note that the ``libXXX``
   will have the shared objects (``.so``) and the ``libXXX-dev`` will
   give you the headers and the static (``.a``) library. Just in
   case, download both.

   The ones you need for ARM are: ``libtinfo``, ``zlib1g``,
   ``libxml2`` and ``liblzma``. In the Debian repository you'll
   find downloads for all architectures.

   After you download and unpack all ``.deb`` packages, copy all
   ``.so`` and ``.a`` to a directory, make the appropriate
   symbolic links (if necessary), and add the relevant ``-L``
   and ``-I`` paths to ``-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS`` above.


Running CMake and Building
--------------------------

Finally, if you're using your platform compiler, run:

   .. code-block:: bash

     $ cmake -G Ninja <source-dir> -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=<type> <options above>

If you're using Clang as the cross-compiler, run:

   .. code-block:: bash

     $ CC='clang' CXX='clang++' cmake -G Ninja <source-dir> -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=<type> <options above>

If you have ``clang``/``clang++`` on the path, it should just work, and special
Ninja files will be created in the build directory. I strongly suggest
you to run ``cmake`` on a separate build directory, *not* inside the
source tree.

To build, simply type:

   .. code-block:: bash

     $ ninja

It should automatically find out how many cores you have, what are
the rules that needs building and will build the whole thing.

You can't run ``ninja check-all`` on this tree because the created
binaries are targeted to ARM, not x86_64.

Installing and Using
--------------------

After the LLVM/Clang has built successfully, you should install it
via:

   .. code-block:: bash

     $ ninja install

which will create a sysroot on the install-dir. You can then tar
that directory into a binary with the full triple name (for easy
identification), like:

   .. code-block:: bash

     $ ln -sf <install-dir> arm-linux-gnueabihf-clang
     $ tar zchf arm-linux-gnueabihf-clang.tar.gz arm-linux-gnueabihf-clang

If you copy that tarball to your target board, you'll be able to use
it for running the test-suite, for example. Follow the guidelines at
https://llvm.org/docs/lnt/quickstart.html, unpack the tarball in the
test directory, and use options:

   .. code-block:: bash

     $ ./sandbox/bin/python sandbox/bin/lnt runtest nt \
         --sandbox sandbox \
         --test-suite `pwd`/test-suite \
         --cc `pwd`/arm-linux-gnueabihf-clang/bin/clang \
         --cxx `pwd`/arm-linux-gnueabihf-clang/bin/clang++

Remember to add the ``-jN`` options to ``lnt`` to the number of CPUs
on your board. Also, the path to your clang has to be absolute, so
you'll need the `pwd` trick above.