[libc++] Remove the allocator<const T> extension (#96319)

This effort has quite a history:
- This was first attempted in 2022 via bed3240bf7d1, which broke
std::shared_ptr<T const> and caused the change to be reverted in
9138666f5464.
- We then re-attempted landing the change in 276ca87382b8 after fixing
std::shared_ptr, but reports were made that this broke code en masse
within Google. This led to the patch being reverted again in
a54d028895c9 with the goal to land this again with a migration path for
vendors.

This patch re-lands the removal while providing a migration path for
vendors by providing the `_LIBCPP_ENABLE_REMOVED_ALLOCATOR_CONST` macro.
This macro will be honored for the LLVM 19 release and will be removed
after that, at which point allocator<const T> will be removed
unconditionally.

Fixes #73665
19 files changed
tree: 6d502836ed547fd8cf6954c1abee166ba7e50c38
  1. .ci/
  2. .github/
  3. bolt/
  4. clang/
  5. clang-tools-extra/
  6. cmake/
  7. compiler-rt/
  8. cross-project-tests/
  9. flang/
  10. libc/
  11. libclc/
  12. libcxx/
  13. libcxxabi/
  14. libunwind/
  15. lld/
  16. lldb/
  17. llvm/
  18. llvm-libgcc/
  19. mlir/
  20. offload/
  21. openmp/
  22. polly/
  23. pstl/
  24. runtimes/
  25. third-party/
  26. utils/
  27. .clang-format
  28. .clang-tidy
  29. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  30. .gitattributes
  31. .gitignore
  32. .mailmap
  33. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  34. CONTRIBUTING.md
  35. LICENSE.TXT
  36. pyproject.toml
  37. README.md
  38. SECURITY.md
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