Fix OOM in FormatDiagnostic (#108187)

Resolves: #70930 (and probably latest comments from
https://github.com/clangd/clangd/issues/251)
by fixing racing for the shared `DiagStorage` value which caused messing
with args inside the storage and then formatting the following message
with `getArgSInt(1)` == 2:
```
def err_module_odr_violation_function : Error<
  "%q0 has different definitions in different modules; "
  "%select{definition in module '%2'|defined here}1 "
  "first difference is "
```
which causes `HandleSelectModifier` to go beyond the `ArgumentLen` so
the recursive call to `FormatDiagnostic` was made with `DiagStr` >
`DiagEnd` that leads to infinite `while (DiagStr != DiagEnd)`.

**The Main Idea:**
Reuse the existing `DiagStorageAllocator` logic to make all
`DiagnosticBuilder`s having independent states.
Also, encapsulating the rest of state (e.g. ID and Loc) into
`DiagnosticBuilder`.

**TODO (if it will be requested by reviewer):**
- [x] add a test (I have no idea how to turn a whole bunch of my
proprietary code which leads `clangd` to OOM into a small public
example.. probably I must try using
[this](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/70930#issuecomment-2209872975)
instead)
- [x] [`Diag.CurDiagID !=
diag::fatal_too_many_errors`](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/108187#pullrequestreview-2296395489)
- [ ] ? get rid of `DiagStorageAllocator` at all and make
`DiagnosticBuilder` having they own `DiagnosticStorage` coz it seems
pretty small so should fit the stack for short-living
`DiagnosticBuilder` instances
16 files changed
tree: a2571bb25a7bb6f95f2fb470dcb802bddd15a137
  1. .ci/
  2. .github/
  3. bolt/
  4. clang/
  5. clang-tools-extra/
  6. cmake/
  7. compiler-rt/
  8. cross-project-tests/
  9. flang/
  10. libc/
  11. libclc/
  12. libcxx/
  13. libcxxabi/
  14. libunwind/
  15. lld/
  16. lldb/
  17. llvm/
  18. llvm-libgcc/
  19. mlir/
  20. offload/
  21. openmp/
  22. polly/
  23. pstl/
  24. runtimes/
  25. third-party/
  26. utils/
  27. .clang-format
  28. .clang-tidy
  29. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  30. .gitattributes
  31. .gitignore
  32. .mailmap
  33. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  34. CONTRIBUTING.md
  35. LICENSE.TXT
  36. pyproject.toml
  37. README.md
  38. SECURITY.md
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