[AllocToken, Clang] Infer type hints from sizeof expressions and casts (#156841)

For the AllocToken pass to accurately calculate token ID hints, we
need to attach `!alloc_token` metadata for allocation calls.

Unlike new expressions, untyped allocation calls (like `malloc`,
`calloc`, `::operator new(..)`, `__builtin_operator_new`, etc.) have no
syntactic type associated with them. For -fsanitize=alloc-token, type
hints are sufficient, and we can attempt to infer the type based on
common idioms.

When encountering allocation calls (with `__attribute__((malloc))` or
`__attribute__((alloc_size(..))`), attach `!alloc_token` by inferring
the allocated type from (a) sizeof argument expressions such as
`malloc(sizeof(MyType))`, and (b) casts such as `(MyType*)malloc(4096)`.

Note that non-standard allocation functions with these attributes are
not instrumented by default. Use `-fsanitize-alloc-token-extended` to
instrument them as well.

Link: https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-a-framework-for-allocator-partitioning-hints/87434

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This change is part of the following series:
  1. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/160131
  2. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/156838
  3. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/162098
  4. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/162099
  5. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/156839
  6. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/156840
  7. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/156841
  8. https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/156842