[flang] Avoid undefined behaviour when parsing format expressions (#147539)

The test flang/test/Semantics/io08.f90 was failing when UBSAN was
enabled:
```
/home/david.spickett/llvm-project/flang/include/flang/Common/format.h:224:26: runtime error: signed integer overflow: 10 * 987654321098765432 cannot be represented in type 'int64_t' (aka 'long')
SUMMARY: UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer: undefined-behavior /home/david.spickett/llvm-project/flang/include/flang/Common/format.h:224:26
```
This is because the code was effectively:
* Take the risk of UB happening
* Check whether it happened or not

Which UBSAN is obviously not going to like. Instead of checking after
the fact, use llvm's helpers that catch overflow without actually doing
it.
1 file changed
tree: 259284b0c9f7d59ab2e2cdb93a368a23915366b9
  1. .ci/
  2. .github/
  3. bolt/
  4. clang/
  5. clang-tools-extra/
  6. cmake/
  7. compiler-rt/
  8. cross-project-tests/
  9. flang/
  10. flang-rt/
  11. libc/
  12. libclc/
  13. libcxx/
  14. libcxxabi/
  15. libunwind/
  16. lld/
  17. lldb/
  18. llvm/
  19. llvm-libgcc/
  20. mlir/
  21. offload/
  22. openmp/
  23. polly/
  24. runtimes/
  25. third-party/
  26. utils/
  27. .clang-format
  28. .clang-format-ignore
  29. .clang-tidy
  30. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  31. .gitattributes
  32. .gitignore
  33. .mailmap
  34. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  35. CONTRIBUTING.md
  36. LICENSE.TXT
  37. pyproject.toml
  38. README.md
  39. SECURITY.md
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