//===- PluginInterface.h - Target independent plugin device interface -----===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#ifndef OPENMP_LIBOMPTARGET_PLUGINS_NEXTGEN_COMMON_PLUGININTERFACE_H
#define OPENMP_LIBOMPTARGET_PLUGINS_NEXTGEN_COMMON_PLUGININTERFACE_H

#include <cstddef>
#include <cstdint>
#include <deque>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <shared_mutex>
#include <variant>
#include <vector>

#include "ExclusiveAccess.h"
#include "OpenMP/InteropAPI.h"
#include "Shared/APITypes.h"
#include "Shared/Debug.h"
#include "Shared/Environment.h"
#include "Shared/EnvironmentVar.h"
#include "Shared/Requirements.h"
#include "Shared/Utils.h"

#include "GenericProfiler.h"
#include "GlobalHandler.h"
#include "JIT.h"
#include "MemoryManager.h"
#include "OffloadError.h"
#include "RPC.h"
#include "RecordReplay.h"
#include "omptarget.h"

#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMapInfo.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/Hashing.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StableHashing.h"
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPConstants.h"
#include "llvm/Frontend/OpenMP/OMPGridValues.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Allocator.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include "llvm/Support/MemoryBufferRef.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include "llvm/TargetParser/Triple.h"

using namespace llvm::offload::debug;

namespace llvm {
namespace omp {
namespace target {

namespace plugin {

struct GenericPluginTy;
struct GenericKernelTy;
struct GenericDeviceTy;
struct PluginContextTy;
template <typename ResourceRef> class GenericDeviceResourceManagerTy;

namespace Plugin {
/// Create a success error. This is the same as calling Error::success(), but
/// it is recommended to use this one for consistency with Plugin::error() and
/// Plugin::check().
static inline Error success() { return Error::success(); }

/// Create an Offload error.
template <typename... ArgsTy>
static Error error(error::ErrorCode Code, const char *ErrFmt, ArgsTy... Args) {
  return error::createOffloadError(Code, ErrFmt, Args...);
}

inline Error error(error::ErrorCode Code, const char *S) {
  return make_error<error::OffloadError>(Code, S);
}

inline Error error(error::ErrorCode Code, Error &&OtherError,
                   const char *Context) {
  return error::createOffloadError(Code, std::move(OtherError), Context);
}

/// Check the plugin-specific error code and return an error or success
/// accordingly. In case of an error, create a string error with the error
/// description. The ErrFmt should follow the format:
///     "Error in <function name>[<optional info>]: %s"
/// The last format specifier "%s" is mandatory and will be used to place the
/// error code's description. Notice this function should be only called from
/// the plugin-specific code.
/// TODO: Refactor this, must be defined individually by each plugin.
template <typename... ArgsTy>
[[maybe_unused]] static Error check(int32_t ErrorCode, const char *ErrFmt,
                                    ArgsTy... Args);
} // namespace Plugin

/// Decide whether an operation must be synchronized eagerly because the
/// force-synchronization escape hatch (OFFLOAD_FORCE_SYNC_OPS) is enabled. Only
/// external async info objects are affected; local ones are always synchronized
/// on finalization. A pending error suppresses synchronization.
inline bool shouldForceSync(bool ForceSyncOps, bool IsLocalAsyncInfo,
                            bool HasQueue, bool HasError) {
  return ForceSyncOps && !IsLocalAsyncInfo && HasQueue && !HasError;
}

/// Class that wraps the __tgt_async_info to simply its usage. In case the
/// object is constructed without a valid __tgt_async_info, the object will use
/// an internal one and will synchronize the current thread with the pending
/// operations when calling AsyncInfoWrapperTy::finalize(). This latter function
/// must be called before destroying the wrapper object.
struct AsyncInfoWrapperTy {
  AsyncInfoWrapperTy(GenericDeviceTy &Device, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr);

  ~AsyncInfoWrapperTy() {
    assert(!AsyncInfoPtr && "AsyncInfoWrapperTy not finalized");
  }

  /// Get the raw __tgt_async_info pointer.
  operator __tgt_async_info *() const { return AsyncInfoPtr; }

  /// Indicate whether there is queue.
  bool hasQueue() const { return (AsyncInfoPtr->Queue != nullptr); }

  /// Get the queue.
  template <typename Ty> Ty getQueueAs() {
    static_assert(sizeof(Ty) == sizeof(AsyncInfoPtr->Queue),
                  "Queue is not of the same size as target type");
    return static_cast<Ty>(AsyncInfoPtr->Queue);
  }

  /// Set the queue.
  template <typename Ty> void setQueueAs(Ty Queue) {
    static_assert(sizeof(Ty) == sizeof(AsyncInfoPtr->Queue),
                  "Queue is not of the same size as target type");
    assert(!AsyncInfoPtr->Queue && "Overwriting queue");
    AsyncInfoPtr->Queue = Queue;
  }

  /// Get the queue, using the provided resource manager to initialise it if it
  /// doesn't exist.
  template <typename Ty, typename RMTy>
  Expected<Ty>
  getOrInitQueue(GenericDeviceResourceManagerTy<RMTy> &ResourceManager) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> Lock(AsyncInfoPtr->Mutex);
    if (!AsyncInfoPtr->Queue) {
      if (auto Err = ResourceManager.getResource(
              *reinterpret_cast<Ty *>(&AsyncInfoPtr->Queue)))
        return Err;
    }
    return getQueueAs<Ty>();
  }

  /// Explicitly synchronize with the __tgt_async_info's pending operations
  /// regardless of which async info this object wraps. The associated
  /// underlying queue (if any) will not be released. Calling this function does
  /// not obviate the need to call the finalize function later. This function is
  /// intended for specific use cases where a synchronous operation needs to
  /// explicitly wait for the operations already on the queue.
  Error synchronize();

  /// Synchronize with the __tgt_async_info's pending operations if it's the
  /// internal async info. The error associated to the asynchronous operations
  /// issued in this queue must be provided in \p Err. This function will update
  /// the error parameter with the result of the synchronization if it was
  /// actually executed. This function must be called before destroying the
  /// object and only once.
  void finalize(Error &Err);

  /// Register \p Ptr as an associated allocation that is freed after
  /// finalization.
  void freeAllocationAfterSynchronization(void *Ptr, TargetAllocTy Kind) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> AllocationGuard(AsyncInfoPtr->Mutex);
    AsyncInfoPtr->AssociatedAllocations.push_back({Ptr, Kind});
  }

private:
  GenericDeviceTy &Device;
  __tgt_async_info LocalAsyncInfo;
  __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr;
};

enum class DeviceInfo {
#define OFFLOAD_DEVINFO(Name, _, Value) Name = Value,
#include "OffloadInfo.inc"
#undef OFFLOAD_DEVINFO
};

/// Tree node for device information
///
/// This information is used by liboffload to extract certain device queries.
/// Each property has an optional key, an optional value and optional children.
/// The children can be used to store additional information (such as x, y and
/// z components of ranges).
struct InfoTreeNode {
  std::string Key;
  using VariantType = std::variant<uint64_t, std::string, bool, std::monostate>;
  VariantType Value;
  std::string Units;
  // Need to specify a default value number of elements here as `InfoTreeNode`'s
  // size is unknown. This is a vector (rather than a Key->Value map) since:
  // * The keys need to be owned and thus `std::string`s
  // * The order of keys is important
  // * The same key can appear multiple times
  std::unique_ptr<llvm::SmallVector<InfoTreeNode, 8>> Children;

  llvm::DenseMap<DeviceInfo, size_t> DeviceInfoMap;

  InfoTreeNode() : InfoTreeNode("", std::monostate{}, "") {}
  InfoTreeNode(std::string Key, VariantType Value, std::string Units)
      : Key(std::move(Key)), Value(Value), Units(std::move(Units)) {}

  /// Add a new info entry as a child of this node. The entry requires at least
  /// a key string in \p Key. The value in \p Value is optional and can be any
  /// type that is representable as a string. The units in \p Units is optional
  /// and must be a string. Providing a device info key allows liboffload to
  /// use that value for an appropriate olGetDeviceInfo query
  template <typename T = std::monostate>
  InfoTreeNode *add(std::string Key, T Value = T(),
                    std::string Units = std::string(),
                    std::optional<DeviceInfo> DeviceInfoKey = std::nullopt) {
    assert(!Key.empty() && "Invalid info key");

    if (!Children)
      Children = std::make_unique<llvm::SmallVector<InfoTreeNode, 8>>();

    VariantType ValueVariant;
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool> || std::is_same_v<T, std::monostate>)
      ValueVariant = Value;
    else if constexpr (std::is_arithmetic_v<T>)
      ValueVariant = static_cast<uint64_t>(Value);
    else
      ValueVariant = std::string{Value};

    auto Ptr =
        &Children->emplace_back(std::move(Key), ValueVariant, std::move(Units));

    if (DeviceInfoKey)
      DeviceInfoMap[*DeviceInfoKey] = Children->size() - 1;

    return Ptr;
  }

  std::optional<InfoTreeNode *> get(StringRef Key) {
    if (!Children)
      return std::nullopt;

    auto It = std::find_if(Children->begin(), Children->end(),
                           [&](auto &V) { return V.Key == Key; });
    if (It == Children->end())
      return std::nullopt;
    return It;
  }

  std::optional<InfoTreeNode *> get(DeviceInfo Info) {
    auto Result = DeviceInfoMap.find(Info);
    if (Result != DeviceInfoMap.end())
      return &(*Children)[Result->second];
    return std::nullopt;
  }
};

/// Tracker of virtual memory address reservations.
template <typename HandleTy> class VMemTrackerTy {
  struct EntryTy {
    uint64_t Size;
    HandleTy Handle;
  };

  /// Map of virtual memory address reservations.
  DenseMap<void *, EntryTy> VMemMap;

  /// Mutex for safe access to the map.
  std::mutex Mutex;

public:
  /// Register a new virtual address reservation.
  Error registerReservation(void *VAddr, uint64_t Size, HandleTy Handle) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> Lock(Mutex);
    auto It = VMemMap.find(VAddr);
    if (It != VMemMap.end())
      return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                           "virtual address already reserved");
    VMemMap[VAddr] = {Size, Handle};
    return Plugin::success();
  }

  /// Unregister a virtual address reservation and return its information.
  Expected<std::pair<uint64_t, HandleTy>> unregisterReservation(void *VAddr) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> Lock(Mutex);
    auto It = VMemMap.find(VAddr);
    if (It == VMemMap.end())
      return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                           "virtual address not reserved");
    uint64_t Size = It->second.Size;
    HandleTy Handle = It->second.Handle;
    VMemMap.erase(It);
    return std::make_pair(Size, Handle);
  }
};

/// Class wrapping a __tgt_device_image and its offload entry table on a
/// specific device. This class is responsible for storing and managing
/// the offload entries for an image on a device.
class DeviceImageTy {
  /// Image identifier within the corresponding device. Notice that this id is
  /// not unique between different device; they may overlap.
  int32_t ImageId;

  /// The managed image data.
  std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer> Image;

  /// An optional buffer for an IR image.
  std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer> DeviceIRImage;

  /// Reference to the device this image is loaded on.
  GenericDeviceTy &Device;

public:
  virtual ~DeviceImageTy() = default;

  DeviceImageTy(int32_t Id, GenericDeviceTy &Device,
                std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer> &&Image)
      : ImageId(Id), Image(std::move(Image)), Device(Device) {}

  /// Get the image identifier within the device.
  int32_t getId() const { return ImageId; }

  /// Get the device that this image is loaded onto.
  GenericDeviceTy &getDevice() const { return Device; }

  /// Get the image starting address.
  const void *getStart() const { return Image->getBufferStart(); }

  /// Get the image size.
  size_t getSize() const { return Image->getBufferSize(); }

  /// Get a memory buffer reference to the whole image.
  MemoryBufferRef getMemoryBuffer() const {
    return MemoryBufferRef(StringRef((const char *)getStart(), getSize()),
                           "Image");
  }

  /// Get a memory buffer reference to the whole IR image.
  MemoryBufferRef getIRImageMemoryBuffer() const {
    if (DeviceIRImage)
      return MemoryBufferRef(*DeviceIRImage);

    return MemoryBufferRef();
  }

  bool hasIRImage() const { return DeviceIRImage != nullptr; }

  /// Set the IR image.
  void setIRImage(std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer> ImageBuffer) {
    DeviceIRImage = std::move(ImageBuffer);
  }
};

/// The subset of KernelArgsTy fields the plugin interface needs to launch a
/// kernel, plus the resolved argument-pointer array. Unlike KernelArgsTy,
/// this struct is populated by libomptarget on the stack for every launch,
/// so it is never aliased onto compiler-emitted memory and may be extended
/// freely.
struct KernelLaunchArgsTy {
  /// Version of KernelArgsTy this launch was built from, for ABI
  /// compatibility checks.
  uint32_t OmpABIVersion = 0;
  /// Number of kernel arguments in \p Args.
  uint32_t NumArgs = 0;
  /// Array of \p NumArgs pointers, each pointing at one argument's value,
  /// with any offsets already resolved.
  void **Args = nullptr;
  /// Size of the argument data in bytes, one entry per \p Args element,
  /// possibly null.
  int64_t *ArgSizes = nullptr;
  /// Tripcount for the teams / distribute loop, 0 otherwise.
  uint64_t Tripcount = 0;
  /// Amount of dynamic cgroup memory requested.
  uint32_t DynCGroupMem = 0;
  /// User-requested number of blocks (for x,y,z dimension).
  uint32_t UserNumBlocks[3] = {0, 0, 0};
  /// User-requested number of threads (for x,y,z dimension).
  uint32_t UserThreadLimit[3] = {0, 0, 0};
  struct {
    /// Maximum number of threads per block that this kernel may use.
    uint32_t MaxNumThreads = 0;
    /// Number of blocks originally requested by the program for the first
    /// dimension (e.g., num_teams clause), or 0 if none was requested.
    uint32_t RequestedNumBlocks = 0;
  } KernelLaunchInfo;
  struct {
    uint64_t Cooperative : 1; // Was this kernel spawned as cooperative.
    uint64_t Unused : 63;
  } Flags = {0, 0};
  /// Set by the caller when replaying a previously recorded kernel launch, so
  /// the plugin can report the outcome back; null for a normal launch.
  KernelReplayOutcomeTy *ReplayOutcome = nullptr;
};

/// Class implementing common functionalities of offload kernels. Each plugin
/// should define the specific kernel class, derive from this generic one, and
/// implement the necessary virtual function members.
struct GenericKernelTy {
  /// Construct a kernel with a name.
  GenericKernelTy(StringRef Name) : Name(Name) {}

  virtual ~GenericKernelTy() {}

  /// Initialize the kernel object from a specific device.
  Error init(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice, DeviceImageTy &Image);
  virtual Error initImpl(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice,
                         DeviceImageTy &Image) = 0;

  /// Launch the kernel on the specific device. The device must be the same
  /// one used to initialize the kernel. \p LaunchArgs.Args is the flattened
  /// argument-pointer array to pass to the kernel, with any offsets.
  Error launch(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice, KernelLaunchArgsTy &LaunchArgs,
               AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper,
               GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr) const;
  virtual Error launchImpl(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice,
                           uint32_t NumThreads[3], uint32_t NumBlocks[3],
                           uint32_t DynBlockMemSize,
                           KernelLaunchArgsTy &LaunchArgs,
                           AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) const = 0;

  virtual Expected<uint64_t> maxGroupSize(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice,
                                          uint64_t DynamicMemSize) const = 0;

  /// Get the maximum number of work groups that can be launched cooperatively.
  virtual Expected<uint32_t>
  getMaxCooperativeGroupCount(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice,
                              const uint32_t NumThreads[3],
                              uint32_t DynBlockMemSize) const {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "cooperative launch not supported");
  }

  /// Get the kernel name.
  const char *getName() const { return Name.c_str(); }

  /// Get the size of the static per-block memory consumed by the kernel.
  uint32_t getStaticBlockMemSize() const { return StaticBlockMemSize; };

  /// Return the maximum number of threads per block that this kernel's
  /// underlying device function may run, as reported by the driver/backend.
  virtual uint32_t getMaxThreads() const {
    return std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
  }

  /// Get the kernel image.
  DeviceImageTy &getImage() const {
    assert(ImagePtr && "Kernel is not initialized!");
    return *ImagePtr;
  }

  /// Indicate whether an execution mode is valid.
  static bool isValidExecutionMode(OMPTgtExecModeFlags ExecutionMode) {
    switch (ExecutionMode) {
    case OMP_TGT_EXEC_MODE_BARE:
    case OMP_TGT_EXEC_MODE_SPMD:
    case OMP_TGT_EXEC_MODE_GENERIC:
    case OMP_TGT_EXEC_MODE_GENERIC_SPMD:
    case OMP_TGT_EXEC_MODE_SPMD_NO_LOOP:
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

protected:
  /// Prints generic kernel launch information.
  Error printLaunchInfo(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice,
                        const KernelLaunchArgsTy &LaunchArgs,
                        uint32_t NumThreads[3], uint32_t NumBlocks[3]) const;

  /// Prints plugin-specific kernel launch information after generic kernel
  /// launch information
  virtual Error printLaunchInfoDetails(GenericDeviceTy &GenericDevice,
                                       const KernelLaunchArgsTy &LaunchArgs,
                                       uint32_t NumThreads[3],
                                       uint32_t NumBlocks[3]) const;

private:
  /// The kernel name.
  std::string Name;

  /// The image that contains this kernel.
  DeviceImageTy *ImagePtr = nullptr;

protected:
  /// The static memory sized per block.
  uint32_t StaticBlockMemSize = 0;
};

/// Information about an allocation, when it has been allocated, and when/if it
/// has been deallocated, for error reporting purposes.
struct AllocationTraceInfoTy {

  /// The stack trace of the allocation itself.
  std::string AllocationTrace;

  /// The stack trace of the deallocation, or empty.
  std::string DeallocationTrace;

  /// The allocated device pointer.
  void *DevicePtr = nullptr;

  /// The corresponding host pointer (can be null).
  void *HostPtr = nullptr;

  /// The size of the allocation.
  uint64_t Size = 0;

  /// The kind of the allocation.
  TargetAllocTy Kind = TargetAllocTy::TARGET_ALLOC_DEFAULT;

  /// Information about the last allocation at this address, if any.
  AllocationTraceInfoTy *LastAllocationInfo = nullptr;

  /// Lock to keep accesses race free.
  std::mutex Lock;
};

/// Information about an allocation, when it has been allocated, and when/if it
/// has been deallocated, for error reporting purposes.
struct KernelTraceInfoTy {

  /// The launched kernel.
  GenericKernelTy *Kernel;

  /// The stack trace of the launch itself.
  std::string LaunchTrace;

  /// The async info the kernel was launched in.
  __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo;
};

struct KernelTraceInfoRecordTy {
  KernelTraceInfoRecordTy() { KTIs.fill({}); }

  /// Return the (maximal) record size.
  auto size() const { return KTIs.size(); }

  /// Create a new kernel trace info and add it into the record.
  void emplace(GenericKernelTy *Kernel, const std::string &&StackTrace,
               __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo) {
    KTIs[Idx] = {Kernel, std::move(StackTrace), AsyncInfo};
    Idx = (Idx + 1) % size();
  }

  /// Return the \p I'th last kernel trace info.
  auto getKernelTraceInfo(int32_t I) const {
    // Note that kernel trace infos "grow forward", so lookup is backwards.
    return KTIs[(Idx - I - 1 + size()) % size()];
  }

private:
  std::array<KernelTraceInfoTy, 8> KTIs;
  unsigned Idx = 0;
};

/// Class representing a map of host pinned allocations. We track these pinned
/// allocations, so memory transfers involving these buffers can be optimized.
class PinnedAllocationMapTy {

  /// Struct representing a map entry.
  struct EntryTy {
    /// The host pointer of the pinned allocation.
    void *HstPtr;

    /// The pointer that devices' driver should use to transfer data from/to the
    /// pinned allocation. In most plugins, this pointer will be the same as the
    /// host pointer above.
    void *DevAccessiblePtr;

    /// The size of the pinned allocation.
    size_t Size;

    /// Indicate whether the allocation was locked from outside the plugin, for
    /// instance, from the application. The externally locked allocations are
    /// not unlocked by the plugin when unregistering the last user.
    bool ExternallyLocked;

    /// The number of references to the pinned allocation. The allocation should
    /// remain pinned and registered to the map until the number of references
    /// becomes zero.
    mutable size_t References;

    /// Create an entry with the host and device accessible pointers, the buffer
    /// size, and a boolean indicating whether the buffer was locked externally.
    EntryTy(void *HstPtr, void *DevAccessiblePtr, size_t Size,
            bool ExternallyLocked)
        : HstPtr(HstPtr), DevAccessiblePtr(DevAccessiblePtr), Size(Size),
          ExternallyLocked(ExternallyLocked), References(1) {}

    /// Utility constructor used for std::set searches.
    EntryTy(void *HstPtr)
        : HstPtr(HstPtr), DevAccessiblePtr(nullptr), Size(0),
          ExternallyLocked(false), References(0) {}
  };

  /// Comparator of mep entries. Use the host pointer to enforce an order
  /// between entries.
  struct EntryCmpTy {
    bool operator()(const EntryTy &Left, const EntryTy &Right) const {
      return Left.HstPtr < Right.HstPtr;
    }
  };

  typedef std::set<EntryTy, EntryCmpTy> PinnedAllocSetTy;

  /// The map of host pinned allocations.
  PinnedAllocSetTy Allocs;

  /// The mutex to protect accesses to the map.
  mutable std::shared_mutex Mutex;

  /// Reference to the corresponding device.
  GenericDeviceTy &Device;

  /// Find an allocation that intersects with \p HstPtr pointer. Assume the
  /// map's mutex is acquired.
  const EntryTy *findIntersecting(const void *HstPtr) const {
    if (Allocs.empty())
      return nullptr;

    // Search the first allocation with starting address that is not less than
    // the buffer address.
    auto It = Allocs.lower_bound({const_cast<void *>(HstPtr)});

    // Direct match of starting addresses.
    if (It != Allocs.end() && It->HstPtr == HstPtr)
      return &(*It);

    // Not direct match but may be a previous pinned allocation in the map which
    // contains the buffer. Return false if there is no such a previous
    // allocation.
    if (It == Allocs.begin())
      return nullptr;

    // Move to the previous pinned allocation.
    --It;

    // The buffer is not contained in the pinned allocation.
    if (utils::advancePtr(It->HstPtr, It->Size) > HstPtr)
      return &(*It);

    // None found.
    return nullptr;
  }

  /// Insert an entry to the map representing a locked buffer. The number of
  /// references is set to one.
  Error insertEntry(void *HstPtr, void *DevAccessiblePtr, size_t Size,
                    bool ExternallyLocked = false);

  /// Erase an existing entry from the map.
  Error eraseEntry(const EntryTy &Entry);

  /// Register a new user into an entry that represents a locked buffer. Check
  /// also that the registered buffer with \p HstPtr address and \p Size is
  /// actually contained into the entry.
  Error registerEntryUse(const EntryTy &Entry, void *HstPtr, size_t Size);

  /// Unregister a user from the entry and return whether it is the last user.
  /// If it is the last user, the entry will have to be removed from the map
  /// and unlock the entry's host buffer (if necessary).
  Expected<bool> unregisterEntryUse(const EntryTy &Entry);

  /// Indicate whether the first range A fully contains the second range B.
  static bool contains(void *PtrA, size_t SizeA, void *PtrB, size_t SizeB) {
    void *EndA = utils::advancePtr(PtrA, SizeA);
    void *EndB = utils::advancePtr(PtrB, SizeB);
    return (PtrB >= PtrA && EndB <= EndA);
  }

  /// Indicate whether the first range A intersects with the second range B.
  static bool intersects(void *PtrA, size_t SizeA, void *PtrB, size_t SizeB) {
    void *EndA = utils::advancePtr(PtrA, SizeA);
    void *EndB = utils::advancePtr(PtrB, SizeB);
    return (PtrA < EndB && PtrB < EndA);
  }

public:
  /// Create the map of pinned allocations corresponding to a specific device.
  PinnedAllocationMapTy(GenericDeviceTy &Device) : Device(Device) {}

  /// Register a buffer that was recently allocated as a locked host buffer.
  /// None of the already registered pinned allocations should intersect with
  /// this new one. The registration requires the host pointer in \p HstPtr,
  /// the device accessible pointer in \p DevAccessiblePtr, and the size of the
  /// allocation in \p Size. The allocation must be unregistered using the
  /// unregisterHostBuffer function.
  Error registerHostBuffer(void *HstPtr, void *DevAccessiblePtr, size_t Size);

  /// Unregister a host pinned allocation passing the host pointer which was
  /// previously registered using the registerHostBuffer function. When calling
  /// this function, the pinned allocation cannot have any other user and will
  /// not be unlocked by this function.
  Error unregisterHostBuffer(void *HstPtr);

  /// Registers and optionally page-locks host memory at \p HstPtr . Registers
  /// a new user if it intersects with an already existing one, locked outside
  /// of this API or passed LockMemory parameter as false. A partial overlapping
  /// with extension is not allowed. The function returns the device accessible
  /// pointer of the pinned buffer. The buffer must be unlocked using the
  /// unlockHostBuffer function.
  Expected<void *> registerMemory(void *HstPtr, size_t Size,
                                  bool LockMemory = true);

  /// Unregisters and optionally unlocks host memory at \p HstPtr . Unregister a
  /// user if other users are still using the pinned allocation or passed
  /// UnlockMemory parameter as false. If this was the last user, the pinned
  /// allocation is removed from the map and the memory is unlocked.
  Error unregisterMemory(void *HstPtr, bool UnlockMemory = true);

  /// Return the device accessible pointer associated to the host pinned
  /// allocation which the \p HstPtr belongs, if any. Return null in case the
  /// \p HstPtr does not belong to any host pinned allocation. The device
  /// accessible pointer is the one that devices should use for data transfers
  /// that involve a host pinned buffer.
  void *getDeviceAccessiblePtrFromPinnedBuffer(const void *HstPtr) const {
    std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> Lock(Mutex);

    // Find the intersecting allocation if any.
    const EntryTy *Entry = findIntersecting(HstPtr);
    if (!Entry)
      return nullptr;

    return utils::advancePtr(Entry->DevAccessiblePtr,
                             utils::getPtrDiff(HstPtr, Entry->HstPtr));
  }

  /// Check whether a buffer belongs to a registered host pinned allocation.
  bool isHostPinnedBuffer(const void *HstPtr) const {
    std::shared_lock<std::shared_mutex> Lock(Mutex);

    // Return whether there is an intersecting allocation.
    return (findIntersecting(const_cast<void *>(HstPtr)) != nullptr);
  }
};

/// Description of an allocation: owning device, kind, base address and size.
struct PluginAllocInfoTy {
  GenericDeviceTy *Device;
  TargetAllocTy Kind;
  void *Base;
  size_t Size;
};

/// A plugin-side context grouping a set of devices.
struct PluginContextTy {
  PluginContextTy(GenericPluginTy &Plugin,
                  llvm::ArrayRef<GenericDeviceTy *> Devices)
      : Plugin(Plugin), Devices(Devices.begin(), Devices.end()) {}

  PluginContextTy(const PluginContextTy &) = delete;
  PluginContextTy &operator=(const PluginContextTy &) = delete;
  PluginContextTy(PluginContextTy &&) = delete;
  PluginContextTy &operator=(PluginContextTy &&) = delete;

  virtual ~PluginContextTy();

  /// Release resources owned by this context. Called from olDestroyContext
  /// before the object is destroyed so that errors are propagated instead of
  /// being swallowed in the destructor.
  virtual llvm::Error deinit() { return llvm::Error::success(); }

  llvm::ArrayRef<GenericDeviceTy *> getDevices() const { return Devices; }
  GenericPluginTy &getPlugin() const { return Plugin; }

  /// Initialize a __tgt_async_info structure on \p Device.
  Error initAsyncInfo(GenericDeviceTy &Device, __tgt_async_info **AsyncInfoPtr);
  virtual Error initAsyncInfoImpl(GenericDeviceTy &Device,
                                  AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Allocate Size bytes of Kind memory accessible from Device. HostPtr is an
  /// optional hint (e.g. for pinned-buffer registration); pass nullptr when
  /// unused.
  virtual llvm::Expected<void *>
  allocate(GenericDeviceTy &Device, int64_t Size, void *HostPtr,
           TargetAllocTy Kind, size_t Alignment,
           GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Free a pointer returned by allocate; resolves owner/kind via
  /// getAllocInfo. Requires a non-empty device set, so this is only valid on
  /// user-created contexts (not on the per-plugin default context, which
  /// carries no devices).
  virtual llvm::Error deallocate(void *Ptr,
                                 GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Free a pointer when the caller already knows the owning device and kind.
  virtual llvm::Error deallocate(GenericDeviceTy &Device, void *Ptr,
                                 TargetAllocTy Kind,
                                 GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Look up the allocation containing Ptr. Returns NOT_FOUND when Ptr is not
  /// known to this context. Only valid on user-created contexts.
  virtual llvm::Expected<PluginAllocInfoTy> getAllocInfo(const void *Ptr) = 0;

protected:
  GenericPluginTy &Plugin;
  llvm::SmallVector<GenericDeviceTy *> Devices;

private:
  MemoryManagerTy *getDeviceMemoryManagerFor(GenericDeviceTy &Device,
                                             TargetAllocTy Kind);
  MemoryManagerTy *getHostMemoryManager();

  llvm::DenseMap<std::pair<GenericDeviceTy *, int>,
                 std::unique_ptr<MemoryManagerTy>>
      DeviceMemoryManagers;
  std::unique_ptr<MemoryManagerTy> HostMemoryManager;
  std::mutex MemoryManagersMutex;
};

/// Default plugin context: a device-less placeholder used as the per-plugin
/// MemoryManager dispatcher for libomptarget. Allocations made through this
/// context are pooled but not tracked per-pointer, so getAllocInfo is not
/// supported.
struct DefaultPluginContextTy : public PluginContextTy {
  DefaultPluginContextTy(GenericPluginTy &Plugin)
      : PluginContextTy(Plugin, llvm::ArrayRef<GenericDeviceTy *>{}) {}

  llvm::Expected<PluginAllocInfoTy>
  getAllocInfo(const void * /*Ptr*/) override {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "getAllocInfo is not supported on the default "
                         "plugin context");
  }

  Error initAsyncInfoImpl(GenericDeviceTy & /*Device*/,
                          AsyncInfoWrapperTy & /*AsyncInfoWrapper*/) override {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "default plugin context cannot initialize async info");
  }
};

/// Class implementing common functionalities of offload devices. Each plugin
/// should define the specific device class, derive from this generic one, and
/// implement the necessary virtual function members.
struct GenericDeviceTy : public DeviceAllocatorTy {
  /// Construct a device with its device id within the plugin, the number of
  /// devices in the plugin and the grid values for that kind of device.
  GenericDeviceTy(GenericPluginTy &Plugin, int32_t DeviceId, int32_t NumDevices,
                  const llvm::omp::GV &GridValues);

  /// Suggest a virtual address for device memory mapping.
  virtual void *getSuggestedVirtualAddress() { return nullptr; }

  /// Allocate \p Size bytes on the device and hints the backend to map it to
  /// virtual address \p VAddr. The function returns the allocated virtual
  /// address. The memory must be deallocated through
  /// GenericDeviceTy::deallocateWithVirtualAddress().
  virtual Expected<void *> allocateWithVirtualAddress(uint64_t Size,
                                                      void *VAddr = nullptr) {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "allocate with virtual address not supported");
  }

  /// Deallocate device memory \p VAddr, which was allocated through
  /// GenericDeviceTy::allocateWithVirtualAddress(), and unmap the virtual
  /// address range.
  virtual Error deallocateWithVirtualAddress(void *VAddr, uint64_t Size) {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "allocate with virtual address not supported");
  }

  /// Get the device identifier within the corresponding plugin. Notice that
  /// this id is not unique between different plugins; they may overlap.
  int32_t getDeviceId() const { return DeviceId; }

  virtual uint32_t getDriverId() const { return 0; }

  /// Get the unique identifier of the device.
  const char *getDeviceUid() const { return DeviceUid.c_str(); }

  /// Get the total shared memory per block (in bytes) that can be used in any
  /// kernel.
  size_t getMaxBlockSharedMemSize() const { return MaxBlockSharedMemSize; }

  /// Set the context of the device if needed, before calling device-specific
  /// functions. Plugins may implement this function as a no-op if not needed.
  virtual Error setContext() = 0;

  /// Initialize the device. After this call, the device should be already
  /// working and ready to accept queries or modifications.
  Error init(GenericPluginTy &Plugin, GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);
  virtual Error initImpl(GenericPluginTy &Plugin,
                         GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr) = 0;

  /// Deinitialize the device and free all its resources. After this call, the
  /// device is no longer considered ready, so no queries or modifications are
  /// allowed.
  Error deinit(GenericPluginTy &Plugin,
               GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);
  virtual Error deinitImpl() = 0;

  /// Load the binary image into the device and return the target table. When
  /// \p Context is null the plugin's driver-scoped default context is used.
  Expected<DeviceImageTy *>
  loadBinary(GenericPluginTy &Plugin, StringRef TgtImage,
             PluginContextTy *Context,
             GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);
  virtual Expected<DeviceImageTy *>
  loadBinaryImpl(std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer> &&TgtImage, int32_t ImageId,
                 PluginContextTy *Context) = 0;

  /// Unload a previously loaded Image from the device
  Error unloadBinary(DeviceImageTy *Image);
  virtual Error unloadBinaryImpl(DeviceImageTy *Image) = 0;

  // Setup the RPC server for this device if needed. This may not run on some
  // plugins like the CPU targets. By default, it will not be executed so it is
  // up to the target to override this using the shouldSetupRPCServer function.
  Error setupRPCServer(GenericPluginTy &Plugin, DeviceImageTy &Image);

  /// Synchronize the current thread with the pending operations on the
  /// __tgt_async_info structure. If ReleaseQueue is false, then the
  // underlying queue will not be released. In this case, additional
  // work may be submitted to the queue whilst a synchronize is running.
  Error synchronize(__tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo, bool ReleaseQueue = true);
  virtual Error synchronizeImpl(__tgt_async_info &AsyncInfo,
                                bool ReleaseQueue) = 0;

  /// Invokes any global constructors on the device if present and is required
  /// by the target.
  virtual Error callGlobalConstructors(GenericPluginTy &Plugin,
                                       DeviceImageTy &Image) {
    return Error::success();
  }

  /// Invokes any global destructors on the device if present and is required
  /// by the target.
  virtual Error callGlobalDestructors(GenericPluginTy &Plugin,
                                      DeviceImageTy &Image) {
    return Error::success();
  }

  /// Query for the completion of the pending operations on the __tgt_async_info
  /// structure in a non-blocking manner.
  Error queryAsync(__tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo, bool ReleaseQueue = true,
                   bool *IsQueueWorkCompleted = nullptr);
  virtual Error queryAsyncImpl(__tgt_async_info &AsyncInfo, bool ReleaseQueue,
                               bool *IsQueueWorkCompleted) = 0;

  /// Check whether the architecture supports VA management
  virtual bool supportVAManagement() const { return false; }

  /// Get the total device memory size
  virtual Error getDeviceMemorySize(uint64_t &DSize);

  /// Allocates \p RSize bytes (rounded up to page size) and hints the driver to
  /// map it to \p VAddr. The obtained address is stored in \p Addr. At return
  /// \p RSize contains the actual size which can be equal or larger than the
  /// requested size.
  virtual Error memoryVAMap(void **Addr, void *VAddr, size_t *RSize);

  /// De-allocates device memory and unmaps the virtual address \p VAddr
  virtual Error memoryVAUnMap(void *VAddr, size_t Size);

  /// Allocate data on the device or involving the device.
  Expected<void *> dataAlloc(int64_t Size, void *HostPtr, TargetAllocTy Kind,
                             size_t Alignment,
                             GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Deallocate data from the device or involving the device.
  Error dataDelete(void *TgtPtr, TargetAllocTy Kind,
                   GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Pin or register host memory to optimize transfers and return the device
  /// accessible pointer that devices should use for memory transfers involving
  /// the host pinned allocation.
  Expected<void *> registerMemory(void *HstPtr, int64_t Size,
                                  bool LockMemory = true) {
    return PinnedAllocs.registerMemory(HstPtr, Size, LockMemory);
  }

  /// Unregisters and optionally page-unlocks a host memory buffer.
  Error unregisterMemory(void *HstPtr, bool UnlockMemory = true) {
    return PinnedAllocs.unregisterMemory(HstPtr, UnlockMemory);
  }

  /// Lock the host buffer \p HstPtr with \p Size bytes with the vendor-specific
  /// API and return the device accessible pointer.
  virtual Expected<void *> dataLockImpl(void *HstPtr, int64_t Size) = 0;

  /// Unlock a previously locked host buffer starting at \p HstPtr.
  virtual Error dataUnlockImpl(void *HstPtr) = 0;

  /// Check whether the host buffer with address \p HstPtr is pinned by the
  /// underlying vendor-specific runtime (if any). Retrieve the host pointer,
  /// the device accessible pointer and the size of the original pinned buffer.
  virtual Expected<bool> isPinnedPtrImpl(void *HstPtr, void *&BaseHstPtr,
                                         void *&BaseDevAccessiblePtr,
                                         size_t &BaseSize) const = 0;

  /// Submit data to the device (host to device transfer).
  Error dataSubmit(void *TgtPtr, const void *HstPtr, int64_t Size,
                   __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error dataSubmitImpl(void *TgtPtr, const void *HstPtr, int64_t Size,
                               AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Retrieve data from the device (device to host transfer).
  Error dataRetrieve(void *HstPtr, const void *TgtPtr, int64_t Size,
                     __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error dataRetrieveImpl(void *HstPtr, const void *TgtPtr, int64_t Size,
                                 AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Copy data between arbitrary memory locations.
  Error dataMemcpy(void *DstPtr, const void *SrcPtr, int64_t Size,
                   __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error dataMemcpyImpl(void *DstPtr, const void *SrcPtr, int64_t Size,
                               AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Instert a data fence between previous data operations and the following
  /// operations if necessary for the device
  virtual Error dataFence(__tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo) = 0;

  /// Exchange data between devices (device to device transfer). Calling this
  /// function is only valid if GenericPlugin::isDataExchangable() passing the
  /// two devices returns true.
  Error dataExchange(const void *SrcPtr, GenericDeviceTy &DstDev, void *DstPtr,
                     int64_t Size, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error dataExchangeImpl(const void *SrcPtr, GenericDeviceTy &DstDev,
                                 void *DstPtr, int64_t Size,
                                 AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Fill data on the device with a pattern from the host
  Error dataFill(void *TgtPtr, const void *PatternPtr, int64_t PatternSize,
                 int64_t Size, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error dataFillImpl(void *TgtPtr, const void *PatternPtr,
                             int64_t PatternSize, int64_t Size,
                             AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Prefetch a batch of memory ranges. Mems[i] has size Sizes[i].
  /// ToHost = true migrates towards the host, false towards the device.
  /// Backends without prefetch support treat the call as a no-op.
  Error dataPrefetch(size_t Count, const void **Mems, const size_t *Sizes,
                     bool ToHost, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error dataPrefetchImpl(size_t Count, const void **Mems,
                                 const size_t *Sizes, bool ToHost,
                                 AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) {
    return Plugin::success();
  }

  /// Run the kernel associated with \p EntryPtr
  Error launchKernel(void *EntryPtr, KernelLaunchArgsTy &LaunchArgs,
                     __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo,
                     GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Enqueue a host call to AsyncInfo
  Error enqueueHostCall(void (*Callback)(void *), void *UserData,
                        __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error enqueueHostCallImpl(void (*Callback)(void *), void *UserData,
                                    AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfo) = 0;

  /// Create an event.
  Error createEvent(void **EventPtrStorage, bool EnableProfiling = false);
  virtual Error createEventImpl(void **EventPtrStorage,
                                bool EnableProfiling) = 0;

  /// Destroy an event.
  Error destroyEvent(void *Event, bool EnableProfiling = false);
  virtual Error destroyEventImpl(void *EventPtr, bool EnableProfiling) = 0;

  /// Start the recording of the event.
  Error recordEvent(void *Event, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo,
                    bool EnableProfiling = false);
  virtual Error recordEventImpl(void *EventPtr,
                                AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper,
                                bool EnableProfiling) = 0;

  /// Wait for an event to finish. Notice this wait is asynchronous if the
  /// __tgt_async_info is not nullptr.
  Error waitEvent(void *Event, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Error waitEventImpl(void *EventPtr,
                              AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Check if the event enqueued to AsyncInfo is complete
  Expected<bool> isEventComplete(void *Event, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Expected<bool>
  isEventCompleteImpl(void *EventPtr, AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Synchronize the current thread with the event.
  Error syncEvent(void *EventPtr);
  virtual Error syncEventImpl(void *EventPtr) = 0;

  /// Get the elapsed time in milliseconds between two events.
  Expected<float> getEventElapsedTime(void *StartEventPtr, void *EndEventPtr);
  virtual Expected<float> getEventElapsedTimeImpl(void *StartEventPtr,
                                                  void *EndEventPtr) = 0;

  /// Obtain information about the device.
  Expected<InfoTreeNode> obtainInfo();
  virtual Expected<InfoTreeNode> obtainInfoImpl() = 0;

  /// Return true if the device has work that is either queued or currently
  /// running
  ///
  /// Devices which cannot report this information should always return true
  Expected<bool> hasPendingWork(__tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);
  virtual Expected<bool>
  hasPendingWorkImpl(AsyncInfoWrapperTy &AsyncInfoWrapper) = 0;

  /// Getters of the grid values.
  uint32_t getWarpSize() const { return GridValues.GV_Warp_Size; }

  /// Get the number of lanes used for the RPC interface.
  virtual uint32_t getRPCNumLanes() const { return getWarpSize(); }
  uint32_t getThreadLimit() const { return GridValues.GV_Max_WG_Size; }
  /// Get the maximum number of blocks that can be launched. The \p NumThreads
  /// argument is the per-block thread count the kernel will be launched with.
  virtual uint32_t getBlockLimit(uint32_t NumThreads) const {
    return GridValues.GV_Max_Teams;
  }
  uint32_t getDefaultNumThreads() const {
    return GridValues.GV_Default_WG_Size;
  }
  uint32_t getDefaultNumBlocks() const {
    return GridValues.GV_Default_Num_Teams;
  }
  virtual uint64_t getClockFrequency() const { return CLOCKS_PER_SEC; }

  /// Get a device-specific timestamp in nanoseconds, used by the profiler
  /// for timing device operations. Subclasses should override this to provide
  /// hardware-accurate timestamps (e.g., via HSA system info).
  virtual uint64_t getDeviceTimeStamp() { return 0; }

  /// Get target compute unit kind (e.g., sm_80, or gfx908).
  virtual std::string getComputeUnitKind() const { return "unknown"; }

  /// Post processing after jit backend. The ownership of \p MB will be taken.
  virtual Expected<std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer>>
  doJITPostProcessing(std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer> MB) const {
    return std::move(MB);
  }

  /// The minimum number of threads we use for a low-trip count combined loop.
  /// Instead of using more threads we increase the outer (block/team)
  /// parallelism.
  /// @see OMPX_MinThreadsForLowTripCount
  virtual uint32_t getMinThreadsForLowTripCountLoop() {
    return OMPX_MinThreadsForLowTripCount;
  }

  /// Whether or not to reuse blocks for high trip count loops.
  /// @see OMPX_ReuseBlocksForHighTripCount
  bool getReuseBlocksForHighTripCount() {
    return OMPX_ReuseBlocksForHighTripCount;
  }

  /// Get the total amount of hardware parallelism supported by the target
  /// device. This is the total amount of warps or wavefronts that can be
  /// resident on the device simultaneously.
  virtual uint64_t getHardwareParallelism() const { return 0; }

  /// Get the RPC server running on this device.
  RPCServerTy *getRPCServer() const { return RPCServer; }

  /// The number of parallel RPC ports to use on the device. In general, this
  /// should be roughly equivalent to the amount of hardware parallelism the
  /// device can support. This is because GPUs in general do not have forward
  /// progress guarantees, so we minimize thread level dependencies by
  /// allocating enough space such that each device thread can have a port. This
  /// is likely overly pessimistic in the average case, but guarantees no
  /// deadlocks at the cost of memory. This must be overloaded by targets
  /// expecting to use the RPC server.
  virtual uint64_t requestedRPCPortCount() const {
    assert(!shouldSetupRPCServer() && "Default implementation cannot be used");
    return 0;
  }

  virtual Error getDeviceStackSize(uint64_t &V) = 0;

  virtual bool hasDeviceHeapSize() { return false; }
  virtual Error getDeviceHeapSize(uint64_t &V) {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "%s not supported by platform", __func__);
  }
  virtual Error setDeviceHeapSize(uint64_t V) {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "%s not supported by platform", __func__);
  }

  /// Returns true if current plugin architecture is an APU
  /// and unified_shared_memory was not requested by the program.
  bool useAutoZeroCopy();
  virtual bool useAutoZeroCopyImpl() { return false; }

  /// Returns true if the plugin can guarantee that the associated
  /// storage is accessible
  Expected<bool> isAccessiblePtr(const void *Ptr, size_t Size);

  virtual Expected<omp_interop_val_t *>
  createInterop(int32_t InteropType, interop_spec_t &InteropSpec) {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "%s not supported by platform", __func__);
  }

  virtual Error releaseInterop(omp_interop_val_t *Interop) {
    return Plugin::success();
  }

  virtual interop_spec_t selectInteropPreference(int32_t InteropType,
                                                 int32_t NumPrefers,
                                                 interop_spec_t *Prefers) {
    return interop_spec_t{tgt_fr_none, {false, 0}, 0};
  }

  /// Allocate and construct a kernel object.
  virtual Expected<GenericKernelTy &> constructKernel(StringRef Name) = 0;

  /// Reference to the underlying plugin that created this device.
  GenericPluginTy &Plugin;

  /// Map to record when allocations have been performed, and when they have
  /// been deallocated, both for error reporting purposes.
  ProtectedObj<DenseMap<void *, AllocationTraceInfoTy *>> AllocationTraces;

  /// Return the allocation trace info for a device pointer, that is the
  /// allocation into which this device pointer points to (or pointed into).
  AllocationTraceInfoTy *getAllocationTraceInfoForAddr(void *DevicePtr) {
    auto AllocationTraceMap = AllocationTraces.getExclusiveAccessor();
    for (auto &It : *AllocationTraceMap) {
      if (It.first <= DevicePtr &&
          utils::advancePtr(It.first, It.second->Size) > DevicePtr)
        return It.second;
    }
    return nullptr;
  }

  /// Return the allocation trace info for a device pointer, that is the
  /// allocation into which this device pointer points to (or pointed into).
  AllocationTraceInfoTy *
  getClosestAllocationTraceInfoForAddr(void *DevicePtr, uintptr_t &Distance) {
    Distance = 0;
    if (auto *ATI = getAllocationTraceInfoForAddr(DevicePtr)) {
      return ATI;
    }

    AllocationTraceInfoTy *ATI = nullptr;
    uintptr_t DevicePtrI = uintptr_t(DevicePtr);
    auto AllocationTraceMap = AllocationTraces.getExclusiveAccessor();
    for (auto &It : *AllocationTraceMap) {
      uintptr_t Begin = uintptr_t(It.second->DevicePtr);
      uintptr_t End = Begin + It.second->Size - 1;
      uintptr_t ItDistance = std::min(Begin - DevicePtrI, DevicePtrI - End);
      if (ATI && ItDistance > Distance)
        continue;
      ATI = It.second;
      Distance = ItDistance;
    }
    return ATI;
  }

  Error initRecordReplay(int64_t Size, void *VAddr, bool IsRecord,
                         bool IsNative, bool SaveOutput, bool EmitReport,
                         const char *ReportFilename,
                         const char *OutputDirPath) {
    if (RecordReplay)
      return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                           "RR already initialized");
    // Other formats could be supported in the future.
    if (!IsNative)
      return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                           "non-native RR not available");

    RecordReplayTy::StatusTy Status = IsRecord
                                          ? RecordReplayTy::StatusTy::Recording
                                          : RecordReplayTy::StatusTy::Replaying;

    RecordReplay =
        new NativeRecordReplayTy(Status, OutputDirPath ? OutputDirPath : "",
                                 SaveOutput, EmitReport, ReportFilename, *this);
    return RecordReplay->init(Size, VAddr);
  }

  RecordReplayTy *getRecordReplay() { return RecordReplay; }

  /// Map to record kernel have been launchedl, for error reporting purposes.
  ProtectedObj<KernelTraceInfoRecordTy> KernelLaunchTraces;

  /// Environment variable to determine if stack traces for kernel launches are
  /// tracked.
  UInt32Envar OMPX_TrackNumKernelLaunches =
      UInt32Envar("OFFLOAD_TRACK_NUM_KERNEL_LAUNCH_TRACES", 0);

  /// Environment variable to determine if stack traces for allocations and
  /// deallocations are tracked.
  BoolEnvar OMPX_TrackAllocationTraces =
      BoolEnvar("OFFLOAD_TRACK_ALLOCATION_TRACES", false);

  /// Environment flag that forces every device operation to be synchronized,
  /// draining the queue after each operation. Debugging escape hatch.
  BoolEnvar OF_ForceSyncOps = BoolEnvar("OFFLOAD_FORCE_BLOCKING", false);

  /// Return whether all device operations should be forced synchronous.
  bool forceSyncOps() const { return OF_ForceSyncOps; }

  /// Array of images loaded into the device. Images are automatically
  /// deallocated by the allocator.
  llvm::SmallVector<DeviceImageTy *> LoadedImages;

  /// Per device setting of MemoryManager's Threshold
  virtual size_t getMemoryManagerSizeThreshold() { return 0; }

private:
  /// Get and set the stack size and heap size for the device. If not used, the
  /// plugin can implement the setters as no-op and setting the output
  /// value to zero for the getters.
  virtual Error setDeviceStackSize(uint64_t V) = 0;

  /// Indicate whether or not the device should setup the RPC server. This is
  /// only necessary for unhosted targets like the GPU.
  virtual bool shouldSetupRPCServer() const { return false; }

  virtual Expected<bool> isAccessiblePtrImpl(const void *Ptr, size_t Size) {
    return false;
  }

  /// Environment variables defined by the LLVM OpenMP implementation.
  UInt64Envar OMPX_TargetStackSize;
  UInt64Envar OMPX_TargetHeapSize;

  /// Environment flag to set the minimum number of threads we use for a
  /// low-trip count combined loop. Instead of using more threads we increase
  /// the outer (block/team) parallelism.
  UInt32Envar OMPX_MinThreadsForLowTripCount =
      UInt32Envar("LIBOMPTARGET_MIN_THREADS_FOR_LOW_TRIP_COUNT", 32);

  BoolEnvar OMPX_ReuseBlocksForHighTripCount =
      BoolEnvar("LIBOMPTARGET_REUSE_BLOCKS_FOR_HIGH_TRIP_COUNT", true);

  /// Record and replay manager.
  RecordReplayTy *RecordReplay = nullptr;

protected:
  /// Environment variables defined by the LLVM OpenMP implementation
  /// regarding the initial number of streams and events.
  UInt32Envar OMPX_InitialNumStreams;
  UInt32Envar OMPX_InitialNumEvents;

  /// The identifier of the device within the plugin. Notice this is not a
  /// global device id and is not the device id visible to the OpenMP user.
  const int32_t DeviceId;

  /// The unique identifier of the device.
  /// Per default, the unique identifier of the device is set to the device id,
  /// combined with the plugin name, since the offload device id may overlap
  /// between different plugins.
  std::string DeviceUid;
  /// Construct the device UID from the vendor (U)UID.
  void setDeviceUidFromVendorUid(StringRef VendorUid);

  /// The default grid values used for this device.
  llvm::omp::GV GridValues;

  /// Enumeration used for representing the current state between two devices
  /// two devices (both under the same plugin) for the peer access between them.
  /// The states can be a) PENDING when the state has not been queried and needs
  /// to be queried, b) AVAILABLE when the peer access is available to be used,
  /// and c) UNAVAILABLE if the system does not allow it.
  enum class PeerAccessState : uint8_t { AVAILABLE, UNAVAILABLE, PENDING };

  /// Array of peer access states with the rest of devices. This means that if
  /// the device I has a matrix PeerAccesses with PeerAccesses == AVAILABLE,
  /// the device I can access device J's memory directly. However, notice this
  /// does not mean that device J can access device I's memory directly.
  llvm::SmallVector<PeerAccessState> PeerAccesses;
  std::mutex PeerAccessesLock;

  /// Map of host pinned allocations used for optimize device transfers.
  PinnedAllocationMapTy PinnedAllocs;

  /// A pointer to an RPC server instance attached to this device if present.
  /// This is used to run the RPC server during task synchronization.
  RPCServerTy *RPCServer;

  /// The total per-block native shared memory that a kernel may use.
  size_t MaxBlockSharedMemSize = 0;
};

/// Class implementing common functionalities of offload plugins. Each plugin
/// should define the specific plugin class, derive from this generic one, and
/// implement the necessary virtual function members.
struct GenericPluginTy {

  /// Construct a plugin instance.
  GenericPluginTy(Triple::ArchType TA)
      : GlobalHandler(nullptr), JIT(TA), RPCServer(nullptr) {}

  virtual ~GenericPluginTy() {}

  /// Initialize the plugin.
  Error init(GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Initialize the plugin and return the number of available devices.
  virtual Expected<int32_t> initImpl() = 0;

  /// Deinitialize the plugin and release the resources.
  Error deinit(GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);
  virtual Error deinitImpl() = 0;

  /// Create a new device for the underlying plugin.
  virtual GenericDeviceTy *createDevice(GenericPluginTy &Plugin,
                                        int32_t DeviceID,
                                        int32_t NumDevices) = 0;

  /// Create a new global handler for the underlying plugin.
  virtual GenericGlobalHandlerTy *createGlobalHandler() = 0;

  /// Get the reference to the device with a certain device id.
  const GenericDeviceTy &getDevice(int32_t DeviceId) const {
    assert(isValidDeviceId(DeviceId) && "Invalid device id");
    assert(Devices[DeviceId] && "Device is uninitialized");

    return *Devices[DeviceId];
  }

  /// Get the reference to the device with a certain device id.
  GenericDeviceTy &getDevice(int32_t DeviceId) {
    assert(isValidDeviceId(DeviceId) && "Invalid device id");
    assert(Devices[DeviceId] && "Device is uninitialized");

    return *Devices[DeviceId];
  }

  /// Get the number of active devices.
  int32_t getNumDevices() const { return NumDevices; }

  /// Get the UID for the host device.
  static constexpr const char *getHostDeviceUid() { return "HOST"; }

  /// Get the ELF code to recognize the binary image of this plugin.
  virtual uint16_t getMagicElfBits() const = 0;

  /// Get the target triple of this plugin.
  virtual Triple::ArchType getTripleArch() const = 0;

  /// Get the constant name identifier for this plugin.
  virtual const char *getName() const = 0;

  /// Allocate a structure using the internal allocator.
  template <typename Ty> Ty *allocate() {
    return reinterpret_cast<Ty *>(Allocator.Allocate(sizeof(Ty), alignof(Ty)));
  }

  /// Destroy and deallocate a structure allocated with the internal allocator.
  template <typename Ty> void free(Ty *Mem) {
    Mem->~Ty();
    Allocator.Deallocate(Mem);
  }

  /// Get the reference to the global handler of this plugin.
  GenericGlobalHandlerTy &getGlobalHandler() {
    assert(GlobalHandler && "Global handler not initialized");
    return *GlobalHandler;
  }

  /// Get the reference to the JIT used for all devices connected to this
  /// plugin.
  JITEngine &getJIT() { return JIT; }

  /// Get a reference to the RPC server used to provide host services.
  RPCServerTy &getRPCServer() {
    assert(RPCServer && "RPC server not initialized");
    return *RPCServer;
  }

  /// Initialize the RPC doorbell if used by the target.
  virtual Error initRPCDoorbell(uint64_t *&Value, uint64_t *&Mailbox,
                                uint32_t &EventID) {
    return Plugin::success();
  }

  /// Tear down any target-specific doorbell resources.
  virtual Error deinitRPCDoorbell() { return Plugin::success(); }

  /// Initialize a device within the plugin.
  Error initDevice(int32_t DeviceId, GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Deinitialize a device within the plugin and release its resources.
  Error deinitDevice(int32_t DeviceId,
                     GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Indicate whether data can be exchanged directly between two devices under
  /// this same plugin. If this function returns true, it's safe to call the
  /// GenericDeviceTy::exchangeData() function on the source device.
  virtual bool isDataExchangable(int32_t SrcDeviceId, int32_t DstDeviceId) {
    return isValidDeviceId(SrcDeviceId) && isValidDeviceId(DstDeviceId);
  }

  /// Top level interface to verify if a given ELF image can be executed on a
  /// given target. Returns true if the \p Image is compatible with the plugin.
  Expected<bool> checkELFImage(StringRef Image) const;

  /// Return true if the \p Image can be compiled to run on the platform's
  /// target architecture.
  Expected<bool> checkBitcodeImage(StringRef Image) const;

  /// Indicate if an image is compatible with the plugin devices. Notice that
  /// this function may be called before actually initializing the devices. So
  /// we could not move this function into GenericDeviceTy.
  virtual Expected<bool> isELFCompatible(uint32_t DeviceID,
                                         StringRef Image) const = 0;

  /// Indicate if an image is compatible with the plugin. This is called if
  /// the image is not recognized as compatible by the common layer. This gives
  /// the plugin a chance to inspect the image and decide if it is compatible.
  virtual Expected<bool> isImageCompatible(StringRef Image) const {
    return false;
  }

  /// Indicate if an image is compatible with the plugin devices. This is
  /// called if the image is not recognized as compatible by the common layer.
  /// This gives the plugin a chance to inspect the image and decide if it is
  /// compatible. Notice that this function may be called before actually
  /// initializing the devices. So we could not move this function into
  /// GenericDeviceTy.
  virtual Expected<bool> isImageCompatible(uint32_t DeviceID,
                                           StringRef Image) const {
    return isImageCompatible(Image);
  }

  virtual Error flushQueueImpl(omp_interop_val_t *Interop) {
    return Plugin::success();
  }

  virtual Error syncBarrierImpl(omp_interop_val_t *Interop) {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "sync_barrier not supported");
  }

  virtual Error asyncBarrierImpl(omp_interop_val_t *Interop) {
    return Plugin::error(error::ErrorCode::UNSUPPORTED,
                         "async_barrier not supported");
  }

  /// Create a plugin-side context grouping the given devices.
  virtual Expected<std::unique_ptr<PluginContextTy>>
  createPluginContext(llvm::ArrayRef<GenericDeviceTy *> Devices) = 0;

  /// Create the per-plugin default context returned by getDefaultContext.
  /// The default builds a plain PluginContextTy with no devices, which is
  /// sufficient for plugins where the default is just a MemoryManager
  /// dispatcher.
  virtual Expected<std::unique_ptr<PluginContextTy>>
  createDefaultPluginContext();

  /// Return the default context that services Device.
  virtual PluginContextTy &getDefaultContext(GenericDeviceTy &Device);

protected:
  /// Indicate whether a device id is valid.
  bool isValidDeviceId(int32_t DeviceId) const {
    return (DeviceId >= 0 && DeviceId < getNumDevices());
  }

public:
  // TODO: This plugin interface needs to be cleaned up.

  /// Returns non-zero if the plugin runtime has been initialized.
  int32_t is_initialized() const;

  /// Returns non-zero if the \p Image is compatible with the plugin. This
  /// function does not require the plugin to be initialized before use.
  int32_t isPluginCompatible(StringRef Image);

  /// Returns non-zero if the \p Image is compatible with the device.
  int32_t isDeviceCompatible(int32_t DeviceId, StringRef Image);

  /// Returns non-zero if the data can be exchanged between the two devices.
  int32_t is_data_exchangable(int32_t SrcDeviceId, int32_t DstDeviceId);

  /// Initializes the record and replay mechanism inside the plugin.
  int32_t initialize_record_replay(int32_t DeviceId, int64_t MemorySize,
                                   void *VAddr, bool IsRecord, bool IsNative,
                                   bool SaveOutput, bool EmitReport,
                                   const char *ReportFilename,
                                   const char *OutputDirPath);

  /// Loads the associated binary into the plugin and returns a handle to it.
  int32_t load_binary(int32_t DeviceId, __tgt_device_image *TgtImage,
                      __tgt_device_binary *Binary,
                      GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Allocates memory that is accessively to the given device.
  void *data_alloc(int32_t DeviceId, int64_t Size, void *HostPtr, int32_t Kind,
                   GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Deallocates memory on the given device.
  int32_t data_delete(int32_t DeviceId, void *TgtPtr, int32_t Kind,
                      GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Copy data to the given device.
  int32_t data_submit(int32_t DeviceId, void *TgtPtr, void *HstPtr,
                      int64_t Size);

  /// Copy data to the given device asynchronously.
  int32_t data_submit_async(int32_t DeviceId, void *TgtPtr, void *HstPtr,
                            int64_t Size, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr);

  /// Copy data from the given device asynchronously.
  int32_t data_retrieve_async(int32_t DeviceId, void *HstPtr, void *TgtPtr,
                              int64_t Size, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr);

  /// Exchange memory addresses between two devices.
  int32_t data_exchange(int32_t SrcDeviceId, void *SrcPtr, int32_t DstDeviceId,
                        void *DstPtr, int64_t Size);

  /// Exchange memory addresses between two devices asynchronously.
  int32_t data_exchange_async(int32_t SrcDeviceId, void *SrcPtr,
                              int DstDeviceId, void *DstPtr, int64_t Size,
                              __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);

  /// Places a fence between previous data movements and following data
  /// movements if necessary on the device
  int32_t data_fence(int32_t DeviceId, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfo);

  /// Begin executing a kernel on the given device.
  int32_t launch_kernel(int32_t DeviceId, void *TgtEntryPtr,
                        KernelLaunchArgsTy &LaunchArgs,
                        __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr,
                        GenericProfilerTy *ProfilerPtr = nullptr);

  /// Synchronize an asyncrhonous queue with the plugin runtime.
  int32_t synchronize(int32_t DeviceId, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr);

  /// Query the current state of an asynchronous queue.
  int32_t query_async(int32_t DeviceId, __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr);

  /// Creates an event in the given plugin if supported.
  int32_t create_event(int32_t DeviceId, void **EventPtr);

  /// Records an event that has occurred.
  int32_t record_event(int32_t DeviceId, void *EventPtr,
                       __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr);

  /// Wait until an event has occurred.
  int32_t wait_event(int32_t DeviceId, void *EventPtr,
                     __tgt_async_info *AsyncInfoPtr);

  /// Synchronize execution until an event is done.
  int32_t sync_event(int32_t DeviceId, void *EventPtr);

  /// Remove the event from the plugin.
  int32_t destroy_event(int32_t DeviceId, void *EventPtr);

  /// Returns if the plugin can support automatic copy.
  int32_t use_auto_zero_copy(int32_t DeviceId);

  /// Returns if the associated storage is accessible for a given device.
  int32_t is_accessible_ptr(int32_t DeviceId, const void *Ptr, size_t Size);

  /// Look up a global symbol in the given binary.
  int32_t get_global(__tgt_device_binary Binary, uint64_t Size,
                     const char *Name, void **DevicePtr);

  /// Look up a kernel function in the given binary.
  int32_t get_function(__tgt_device_binary Binary, const char *Name,
                       void **KernelPtr);

  /// Return the interop specification that the plugin supports
  /// It might not be one of the user specified ones.
  interop_spec_t select_interop_preference(int32_t ID, int32_t InteropType,
                                           int32_t NumPrefers,
                                           interop_spec_t *Prefers) {
    auto &Device = getDevice(ID);
    return Device.selectInteropPreference(InteropType, NumPrefers, Prefers);
  }

  /// Create OpenMP interop with the given interop context
  omp_interop_val_t *create_interop(int32_t ID, int32_t InteropContext,
                                    interop_spec_t *InteropSpec);

  /// Release OpenMP interop object
  int32_t release_interop(int32_t ID, omp_interop_val_t *Interop);

  /// Flush the queue associated with the interop object if necessary
  int32_t flush_queue(omp_interop_val_t *Interop);

  /// Perform a host synchronization with the queue associated with the interop
  /// object and wait for it to complete.
  int32_t sync_barrier(omp_interop_val_t *Interop);

  /// Queue an asynchronous barrier in the queue associated with the interop
  /// object and return immediately.
  int32_t async_barrier(omp_interop_val_t *Interop);

private:
  /// Indicates if the platform runtime has been fully initialized.
  bool Initialized = false;

  /// Number of devices available for the plugin.
  int32_t NumDevices = 0;

  /// Array of pointers to the devices. Initially, they are all set to nullptr.
  /// Once a device is initialized, the pointer is stored in the position given
  /// by its device id. A position with nullptr means that the corresponding
  /// device was not initialized yet.
  llvm::SmallVector<GenericDeviceTy *> Devices;

  /// Pointer to the global handler for this plugin.
  GenericGlobalHandlerTy *GlobalHandler;

  /// Internal allocator for different structures.
  BumpPtrAllocator Allocator;

  /// The JIT engine shared by all devices connected to this plugin.
  JITEngine JIT;

  /// The interface between the plugin and the GPU for host services.
  RPCServerTy *RPCServer;

  /// The default plugin context returned by getDefaultContext, used by
  /// libomptarget.
  std::unique_ptr<PluginContextTy> DefaultContext;
};

/// Auxiliary interface class for GenericDeviceResourceManagerTy. This class
/// acts as a reference to a device resource, such as a stream, and requires
/// some basic functions to be implemented. The derived class should define an
/// empty constructor that creates an empty and invalid resource reference. Do
/// not create a new resource on the ctor, but on the create() function instead.
///
/// The derived class should also define the type HandleTy as the underlying
/// resource handle type. For instance, in a CUDA stream it would be:
///   using HandleTy = CUstream;
struct GenericDeviceResourceRef {
  /// Create a new resource and stores a reference.
  virtual Error create(GenericDeviceTy &Device) = 0;

  /// Destroy and release the resources pointed by the reference.
  virtual Error destroy(GenericDeviceTy &Device) = 0;

protected:
  ~GenericDeviceResourceRef() = default;
};

/// Class that implements a resource pool belonging to a device. This class
/// operates with references to the actual resources. These reference must
/// derive from the GenericDeviceResourceRef class and implement the create
/// and destroy virtual functions.
template <typename ResourceRef> class GenericDeviceResourceManagerTy {
  using ResourcePoolTy = GenericDeviceResourceManagerTy<ResourceRef>;
  using ResourceHandleTy = typename ResourceRef::HandleTy;

public:
  /// Create an empty resource pool for a specific device.
  GenericDeviceResourceManagerTy(GenericDeviceTy &Device)
      : Device(Device), NextAvailable(0) {}

  /// Destroy the resource pool. At this point, the deinit() function should
  /// already have been executed so the resource pool should be empty.
  virtual ~GenericDeviceResourceManagerTy() {
    assert(ResourcePool.empty() && "Resource pool not empty");
  }

  /// Initialize the resource pool.
  Error init(uint32_t InitialSize) {
    assert(ResourcePool.empty() && "Resource pool already initialized");
    return ResourcePoolTy::resizeResourcePool(InitialSize);
  }

  /// Deinitialize the resource pool and delete all resources. This function
  /// must be called before the destructor.
  virtual Error deinit() {
    if (NextAvailable)
      ODBG(OLDT_Deinit) << "Missing " << NextAvailable
                        << " resources to be returned";

    // TODO: This prevents a bug on libomptarget to make the plugins fail. There
    // may be some resources not returned. Do not destroy these ones.
    if (auto Err = ResourcePoolTy::resizeResourcePool(NextAvailable))
      return Err;

    ResourcePool.clear();

    return Plugin::success();
  }

  /// Get a resource from the pool or create new ones. If the function
  /// succeeds, the handle to the resource is saved in \p Handle.
  virtual Error getResource(ResourceHandleTy &Handle) {
    // Get a resource with an empty resource processor.
    return getResourcesImpl(1, &Handle,
                            [](ResourceHandleTy) { return Plugin::success(); });
  }

  /// Get multiple resources from the pool or create new ones. If the function
  /// succeeds, the handles to the resources are saved in \p Handles.
  virtual Error getResources(uint32_t Num, ResourceHandleTy *Handles) {
    // Get resources with an empty resource processor.
    return getResourcesImpl(Num, Handles,
                            [](ResourceHandleTy) { return Plugin::success(); });
  }

  /// Return resource to the pool.
  virtual Error returnResource(ResourceHandleTy Handle) {
    // Return a resource with an empty resource processor.
    return returnResourceImpl(
        Handle, [](ResourceHandleTy) { return Plugin::success(); });
  }

protected:
  /// Get multiple resources from the pool or create new ones. If the function
  /// succeeds, the handles to the resources are saved in \p Handles. Also
  /// process each of the obtained resources with \p Processor.
  template <typename FuncTy>
  Error getResourcesImpl(uint32_t Num, ResourceHandleTy *Handles,
                         FuncTy Processor) {
    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> Lock(Mutex);

    assert(NextAvailable <= ResourcePool.size() &&
           "Resource pool is corrupted");

    if (NextAvailable + Num > ResourcePool.size())
      // Double the resource pool or resize it to provide the requested ones.
      if (auto Err = ResourcePoolTy::resizeResourcePool(
              std::max(NextAvailable * 2, NextAvailable + Num)))
        return Err;

    // Save the handles in the output array parameter.
    for (uint32_t r = 0; r < Num; ++r)
      Handles[r] = ResourcePool[NextAvailable + r];

    // Process all obtained resources.
    for (uint32_t r = 0; r < Num; ++r)
      if (auto Err = Processor(Handles[r]))
        return Err;

    NextAvailable += Num;

    return Plugin::success();
  }

  /// Return resource to the pool and process the resource with \p Processor.
  template <typename FuncTy>
  Error returnResourceImpl(ResourceHandleTy Handle, FuncTy Processor) {
    const std::lock_guard<std::mutex> Lock(Mutex);

    // Process the returned resource.
    if (auto Err = Processor(Handle))
      return Err;

    assert(NextAvailable > 0 && "Resource pool is corrupted");
    ResourcePool[--NextAvailable] = Handle;

    return Plugin::success();
  }

protected:
  /// The resources between \p OldSize and \p NewSize need to be created or
  /// destroyed. The mutex is locked when this function is called.
  Error resizeResourcePoolImpl(uint32_t OldSize, uint32_t NewSize) {
    assert(OldSize != NewSize && "Resizing to the same size");

    if (auto Err = Device.setContext())
      return Err;

    if (OldSize < NewSize) {
      // Create new resources.
      for (uint32_t I = OldSize; I < NewSize; ++I) {
        if (auto Err = ResourcePool[I].create(Device))
          return Err;
      }
    } else {
      // Destroy the obsolete resources.
      for (uint32_t I = NewSize; I < OldSize; ++I) {
        if (auto Err = ResourcePool[I].destroy(Device))
          return Err;
      }
    }
    return Plugin::success();
  }

  /// Increase or decrease the number of resources. This function should
  /// be called with the mutex acquired.
  Error resizeResourcePool(uint32_t NewSize) {
    uint32_t OldSize = ResourcePool.size();

    // Nothing to do.
    if (OldSize == NewSize)
      return Plugin::success();

    if (OldSize < NewSize) {
      // Increase the number of resources.
      ResourcePool.resize(NewSize);
      return ResourcePoolTy::resizeResourcePoolImpl(OldSize, NewSize);
    }

    // Decrease the number of resources otherwise.
    auto Err = ResourcePoolTy::resizeResourcePoolImpl(OldSize, NewSize);
    ResourcePool.resize(NewSize);

    return Err;
  }

  /// The device to which the resources belong
  GenericDeviceTy &Device;

  /// Mutex for the resource pool.
  std::mutex Mutex;

  /// The next available resource in the pool.
  uint32_t NextAvailable;

  /// The actual resource pool.
  std::deque<ResourceRef> ResourcePool;
};

} // namespace plugin
} // namespace target
} // namespace omp
} // namespace llvm

#endif // OPENMP_LIBOMPTARGET_PLUGINS_COMMON_PLUGININTERFACE_H