Reland "[DebugMetadata][DwarfDebug] Support function-local types in lexical block scopes (4/7)" (#165032)

This is an attempt to merge https://reviews.llvm.org/D144006 with LTO
fix.

The last merge attempt was
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/75385.
The issue with it was investigated in
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/75385#issuecomment-2386684121.
The problem happens when 
1. Several modules are being linked.
2. There are several DISubprograms that initially belong to different
modules but represent the same source code function (for example, a
function included from the same source code file).
3. Some of such DISubprograms survive IR linking. It may happen if one
of them is inlined somewhere or if the functions that have these
DISubprograms attached have internal linkage.
4. Each of these DISubprograms has a local type that corresponds to the
same source code type. These types are initially from different modules,
but have the same ODR identifier.

If the same (in the sense of ODR identifier/ODR uniquing rules) local
type is present in two modules, and these modules are linked together,
the type gets uniqued. A DIType, that happens to be loaded first,
survives linking, and the references on other types with the same ODR
identifier from the modules loaded later are replaced with the
references on the DIType loaded first. Since defintion subprograms, in
scope of which these types are located, are not deduplicated, the linker
output may contain multiple DISubprogram's having the same (uniqued)
type in their retainedNodes lists.
Further compilation of such modules causes crashes.

To tackle that,
* previous solution to handle LTO linking with local types in
retainedNodes is removed (cloneLocalTypes() function),
* for each loaded distinct (definition) DISubprogram, its retainedNodes
list is scanned after loading, and DITypes with a scope of another
subprogram are removed. If something from a Function corresponding to
the DISubprogram references uniqued type, we rely on cross-CU links.

Additionally:
* a check is added to Verifier to report about local types located in a
wrong retainedNodes list,

Original commit message follows.
---------

RFC https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-dwarfdebug-fix-and-improve-handling-imported-entities-types-and-static-local-in-subprogram-and-lexical-block-scopes/68544

Similar to imported declarations, the patch tracks function-local types in
DISubprogram's 'retainedNodes' field. DwarfDebug is adjusted in accordance with
the aforementioned metadata change and provided a support of function-local
types scoped within a lexical block.

The patch assumes that DICompileUnit's 'enums field' no longer tracks local
types and DwarfDebug would assert if any locally-scoped types get placed there.

Authored-by: Kristina Bessonova <kbessonova@accesssoftek.com>
Co-authored-by: Jeremy Morse <jeremy.morse@sony.com>