[Clang][Sema] Diagnose current instantiation used as an incomplete base class (#92597)

Consider the following:
```
template<typename T>
struct A
{
    struct B : A { };
};
```
According to [class.derived.general] p2:
> [...] A _class-or-decltype_ shall denote a (possibly cv-qualified)
class type that is not an incompletely defined class; any cv-qualifiers
are ignored. [...]

Although GCC and EDG rejects this, Clang accepts it. This is incorrect,
as `A` is incomplete within its own definition (outside of a
complete-class context). This patch correctly diagnoses instances where
the current instantiation is used as a base class before it is complete.

Conversely, Clang erroneously rejects the following:
```
template<typename T>
struct A 
{
    struct B;

    struct C : B { };

    struct B : C { }; // error: circular inheritance between 'C' and 'A::B'
};
```
Though it may seem like no valid specialization of this template can be
instantiated, an explicit specialization of either member classes for an
implicit instantiated specialization of `A` would permit the definition
of the other member class to be instantiated, e.g.:
```
template<>
struct A<int>::B { };

A<int>::C c; // ok
```
So this patch also does away with this error. This means that circular
inheritance is diagnosed during instantiation of the definition as a
consequence of requiring the base class type to be complete (matching
the behavior of GCC and EDG).
11 files changed
tree: c053b48bd55568f2841a0dc559dc888c63674d93
  1. .ci/
  2. .github/
  3. bolt/
  4. clang/
  5. clang-tools-extra/
  6. cmake/
  7. compiler-rt/
  8. cross-project-tests/
  9. flang/
  10. libc/
  11. libclc/
  12. libcxx/
  13. libcxxabi/
  14. libunwind/
  15. lld/
  16. lldb/
  17. llvm/
  18. llvm-libgcc/
  19. mlir/
  20. offload/
  21. openmp/
  22. polly/
  23. pstl/
  24. runtimes/
  25. third-party/
  26. utils/
  27. .clang-format
  28. .clang-tidy
  29. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  30. .gitattributes
  31. .gitignore
  32. .mailmap
  33. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  34. CONTRIBUTING.md
  35. LICENSE.TXT
  36. pyproject.toml
  37. README.md
  38. SECURITY.md
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