[libc++] Speed up set_intersection() by fast-forwarding over ranges of non-matching elements with one-sided binary search. (#75230)

One-sided binary search, aka meta binary search, has been in the public
domain for decades, and has the general advantage of being constant time
in the best case, with the downside of executing at most 2*log(N)
comparisons vs classic binary search's exact log(N). There are two
scenarios in which it really shines: the first one is when operating
over non-random-access iterators, because the classic algorithm requires
knowing the container's size upfront, which adds N iterator increments
to the complexity. The second one is when traversing the container in
order, trying to fast-forward to the next value: in that case the
classic algorithm requires at least O(N*log(N)) comparisons and, for
non-random-access iterators, O(N^2) iterator increments, whereas the
one-sided version will yield O(N) operations on both counts, with a
best-case of O(log(N)) comparisons which is very common in practice.