Reapply "[libc++] Optimize num_put integral functions" (#131613) (#133572)

This reverts commit d1156fcb56891fb1a426c3e8331a51d47f98a1b8.

This patch fixes the reported incorrect formatting changes and adds
tests for them. The performance should be unaffected, since there are no
significant changes required to fix the bugs.

Specifically, a `>` was changed to a `>=` to also add a `+` in the zero
case, and we're checking for zero now before printing the octal and
hexadecimal prefixes.

Closes #131710
17 files changed
tree: ea41dc673ce0f18fc165ad971aefe9135c64ecde
  1. .ci/
  2. .github/
  3. bolt/
  4. clang/
  5. clang-tools-extra/
  6. cmake/
  7. compiler-rt/
  8. cross-project-tests/
  9. flang/
  10. flang-rt/
  11. libc/
  12. libclc/
  13. libcxx/
  14. libcxxabi/
  15. libunwind/
  16. lld/
  17. lldb/
  18. llvm/
  19. llvm-libgcc/
  20. mlir/
  21. offload/
  22. openmp/
  23. polly/
  24. pstl/
  25. runtimes/
  26. third-party/
  27. utils/
  28. .clang-format
  29. .clang-tidy
  30. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  31. .gitattributes
  32. .gitignore
  33. .mailmap
  34. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  35. CONTRIBUTING.md
  36. LICENSE.TXT
  37. pyproject.toml
  38. README.md
  39. SECURITY.md
README.md

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