clang/www/analyzer/potential_checkers.html - llvm-project - Git at Google

 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
           "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
 <html>
 <head>
   <title>List of potential checkers</title>
   <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="content.css">
   <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="menu.css">
   <script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/expandcollapse.js"></script>
   <script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/menu.js"></script>
 </head>
 <body onload="initExpandCollapse()">

 <div id="page">

 <!-- menu -->
 <!--#include virtual="menu.html.incl"-->
 <!-- page content -->
 <div id="content">
 <h1>List of potential checkers</h1>

 <p>This page contains a list of potential checkers to implement in the static analyzer.  If you are interested in contributing to the analyzer's development, this is a good resource to help you get started.  The specific names of the checkers are subject to review, and are provided here as suggestions.</p>

 <!-- ========================= allocation/deallocation ======================= -->
 <h3>memory</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 memory.LeakEvalOrder</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Potential memory leaks caused by an undefined argument evaluation order.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_49_0/libs/smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm#BestPractices">
 boost docs: shared_ptr</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f(int, int);
 int g(void *);
 int h() __attribute__((noreturn));

 void test() {
   // It is possible that 'malloc(1)' is called first,
   // then 'h()', that is (or calls) noreturn and eventually
   // 'g()' is never called.
   f(g(malloc(1)), h()); // warn: 'g()' may never be called.
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f(int, int);
 int g(int *);
 int h() { throw 1; };

 void test() {
   // It is possible that 'new int' is called first,
   // then 'h()', that throws an exception and eventually
   // 'g()' is never called.
   f(g(new int), h()); // warn: 'g()' may never be called.
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 memory.DstBufferTooSmall</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Destination buffer passed to memory function is too small.
 <br>Note: <span class="name">security.insecureAPI.strcpy</span> currently warns
 on usage of <code>strcpy</code> and suggests to replace it.
 <br>Note: <span class="name">alpha.unix.CStringChecker</span> contains some similar checks.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/120.html">CWE-120</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   const char* s1 = "abc";
   char *s2 = new char;
   strcpy(s2, s1); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int* p1 = new int[3];
   int* p2 = new int;
   memcpy(p2, p1, 3); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 memory.NegativeArraySize</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 'n' is used to specify the buffer size may be negative.
 <br>Note: possibly an enhancement to <span class="name">
 alpha.security.MallocOverflow</span>.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/20.html">CWE-20,
 Example 2</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int *p;
   int n1 = -1;
   p = new int[n1]; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 memory.ZeroAlloc</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Allocation of zero bytes.
 <br>Note: an enhancement to <span class="name">unix.Malloc</span>.
 <br>Note: <span class="name">unix.API</span> perform C-checks for zero
 allocation. This should be moved to <span class="name">unix.Malloc</span>.
 <p>Source: C++03 3.7.3.1p2; C++11 3.7.4.1p2.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

 void test() {
   int *p = malloc(0); // warn
   free(p);
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int *p = new int[0]; // warn
   delete[] p;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"><a href="https://reviews.llvm.org/D6178">
 D6178</a></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ======================= constructors/destructors ====================== -->
 <h3>constructors/destructors</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 ctordtor.ExptInsideDtor</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 It is dangerous to let an exception leave a destructor.
 Using <code>try..catch</code> solves the problem.
 <p>Source: Scott Meyers "More Effective C++", item 11: Prevent exceptions from
 leaving destructors.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {
   A() {}
   ~A() { throw 1; } // warn
 };
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f() throw(int);

 class A {
   A() {}
   ~A() { f(); } // warn
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 ctordtor.PlacementSelfCopy</span><span class="lang">
 (C++11)</span><div class="descr">
 For a placement copy or move, it is almost certainly an error if the
 constructed object is also the object being copied from.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {};

 void test(A *dst, A *src) {
   ::new (dst) A(*dst); // warn (should be 'src')
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"><!--rdar://problem/13688366--></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ============================== exceptions ============================= -->
 <h3>exceptions</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 exceptions.ThrowSpecButNotThrow</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Function declaration has a <code>throw(<i>type</i>)</code> specifier but the
 function do not throw exceptions.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() throw(int) {
 } // warn
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 exceptions.NoThrowSpecButThrows</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 An exception is throw from a function having a <code>throw()</code>
 specifier.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() throw() {
   throw(1); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 exceptions.ThrownTypeDiffersSpec</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 The type of a thrown exception differs from those specified in
 a <code>throw(<i>type</i>)</code> specifier.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct S{};

 void test() throw(int) {
   S s;
   throw (s); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ========================= smart pointers ============================== -->
 <h3>smart pointers</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 smartptr.SmartPtrInit</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 C++03: <code>auto_ptr</code> should store a pointer to an object obtained via
 new as allocated memory will be cleaned using <code>delete</code>.<br>
 C++11: one should use <code>unique_ptr&lt;<i>type</i>[]&gt;</code> to keep a
 pointer to memory allocated by <code>new[]</code>.<br>
 C++11: to keep a pointer to memory allocated by <code>new[]</code> in
 a <code>shared_ptr</code> one should use a custom deleter that calls <code>
 delete[].</code>.
 <p>Source: C++03 20.4.5p1; C++11 <code>auto_ptr</code> is deprecated (D.10).</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
 #include &lt;memory&gt;

 void test() {
   std::auto_ptr&lt;int&gt; p1(new int); // Ok
   std::auto_ptr&lt;int&gt; p2(new int[3]); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
 #include &lt;memory&gt;

 void test() {
   std::auto_ptr&lt;int&gt; p((int *)malloc(sizeof(int))); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ============================== dead code ============================== -->
 <h3>dead code</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 deadcode.UnmodifiedVariable</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 A variable is never modified but was not declared const and is not a
 reference.<br><br><i>(opt-in checker)</i></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 extern int computeDelta();

 int test(bool cond) {
   int i = 0;
   if (cond) {
     const int delta = computeDelta();
     // warn: forgot to modify 'i'
   }
   return i;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"><a href="https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16890">PR16890</a></td></tr>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 deadcode.IdempotentOperations</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Warn about idempotent operations.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int x = 7;
   x = x; // warn: value is always the same
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int x = 7;
   x /= x; // warn: value is always 1
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int x = 7, one = 1;
   x *= one; // warn: right op is always 1
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int x = 7, zero = 0;
   x = x - zero;
    // warn: the right operand to '-' is always 0
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned">removed from alpha.deadcode.* at
 <a href="https://reviews.llvm.org/rL198476">r198476</a></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ================================ POSIX ================================ -->
 <h3>POSIX</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 posix.Errno</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Record that <code>errno</code> is non-zero when certain functions
 fail.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

 int readWrapper(int fd, int *count) {
   int lcount = read(fd, globalBuf, sizeof(globalBuf));
   if (lcount < 0)
     return errno;
   *count = lcount;
   return 0;
 }

 void use(int fd) {
   int count;
   if (!readWrapper(fd, &amp;count))
     print("%d", count); // should not warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"><a href="https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=18701">PR18701</a></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ========================= undefined behavior ========================== -->
 <h3>undefined behavior</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ExitInDtor</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: <code>std::exit()</code> is called to end the program during
 the destruction of an object with static storage duration.
 <p>Source: C++11 3.6.1p4.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;cstdlib&gt;

 class A {
 public:
   ~A() {
     std::exit(1); // warn
   }
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.LocalStaticDestroyed</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: function containing a definition of static local object is
 called during the destruction of an object with static storage duration so that
 flow of control passes through the definition of the previously destroyed
 static local object.
 <p>Source: C++11 3.6.3p2.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f();

 class A {
 public:
   ~A() {
     f(); // warn
   }
 };

 class B {};

 A a;

 void f() {
   static B b;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ZeroAllocDereference</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 The effect of dereferencing a pointer returned as a request for zero size is
 undefined.<br>
 Note: possibly an enhancement to <span class="name">
 unix.Malloc</span>.
 <p>Source: C++03 3.7.3.1p2; C++11 3.7.4.1p2.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

 void test() {
   int *p = (int *)malloc(0);
   *p = 1; // warn
   free(p);
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f(int);

 void test() {
   int *p = new int[0];
   f(*p); // warn
   delete[] p;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"><a href="https://reviews.llvm.org/D8273">D8273</a></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.DeadReferenced</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: the following usage of the pointer to the object whose
 lifetime has ended can result in undefined behavior:<br>
 The object will be or was of a class type with a non-trivial destructor and
 <ul><li>the pointer is used as the operand of a delete-expression</li></ul>
 The object will be or was of a non-POD class type (C++11: any class type) and
 <ul><li>the pointer is used to access a non-static data member or call a
 non-static member function of the object</li>
 <li>the pointer is implicitly converted to a pointer to a base class
 type</li>
 <li>the pointer is used as the operand of a <code>static_cast</code> (except
 when the conversion is to <code>void*</code>, or to <code>void*</code> and
 subsequently to <code>char*</code>, or <code>unsigned char*</code>)</li>
 <li>the pointer is used as the operand of a <code>dynamic_cast</code></li></ul>
 <p>Source: C++03 3.8p5, p7; C++11 3.8p5, p7.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;new&gt;

 class A {
 public:
   ~A();
 };

 class B : public A {};

 void test() {
   A *a = new A;
   new(a) B;
   delete a; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;new&gt;

 class A {
 public:
   ~A();
 };

 class B {};

 void test() {
   A *a = new A;
   new(a) B;
   a->~A();
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;new&gt;

 class A {
 public:
   ~A();
 };

 class B : public A {};

 class C {};

 void f(A*);

 void test() {
   B *b = new B;
   new(b) C;
   f(b); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;new&gt;

 class A {
 public:
   ~A();
 };

 class B : public A {};

 class C {};

 A* test() {
   B *b = new B;
   new(b) C;
   return static_cast&lt;A*&gt;(b); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;new&gt;

 class A {
 public:
   ~A();
 };

 class B : public A {};

 class C {};

 A* test() {
   B *b = new B;
   new(b) C;
   return dynamic_cast&lt;A*&gt;(b); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ObjLocChanges</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: the program must ensure that an object occupies the same
 storage location when the implicit or explicit destructor call takes place.
 <p>Source: C++11 3.8p8.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;new&gt;

 class A {};

 class B {
 public:
   ~B();
 };

 void test() {
   B b;
   new (&b) A;
 } // warn
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;new&gt;

 class A {};

 class B {
 public:
   ~B();
 };

 void test() {
   B *b = new B;
   new (b) A;
   delete b; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ExprEvalOrderUndef</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++03)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: a scalar object shall have its stored value modified at
 most once by the evaluation of an expression.<br>
 Note: most cases are currently handled by the Clang core (search for 'multiple
 unsequenced modifications' warning in Clang tests).
 <p>Source: C++03 5p4.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 int test () {
   int i = 0;
   i = ++i + 1; // warn
   return i;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.StaticInitReentered</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: static declaration is re-entered while the object is being
 initialized.
 <p>Source: C++11 6.7p4.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 int test(int i) {
   static int s = test(2 * i); // warn
   return i + 1;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ConstModified</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: const object is being modified.
 <p>Source: C++03 7.1.5.1p4, C++11 7.1.6.1p4.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   const int *cp = new const int (0);
   int *p = const_cast&lt;int *&gt;(cp);
   *p = 1; // warn
   delete p;
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class C {
 public :
   int i;
   C();
 };

 void test() {
   const C cb;

   C* cp = const_cast&lt;C *&gt;(&cb);
   cp-&gt;i = 1; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.DeadDestructed</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: the destructor is invoked for an object whose lifetime
 has ended.
 <p>Source: C++11 12.4p14.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {
 public:
   void f();
   A();
   ~A();
 };

 void test() {
   A a;
   a.~A();
 } // warn
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.MethodCallBeforeBaseInit</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: calls member function but base not yet initialized.
 <p>Source: C++03 12.6.2p8; C++11 12.6.2p13.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {
 public :
   A(int);
 };

 class B : public A {
 public :
   int f();
   B() : A(f()) {} // warn
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.MemberOrBaseRefBeforeCtor</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 C++ Undefined behavior: non-static member or base class of non-POD class type
 is referred before constructor begins execution.<br>
 C++11 Undefined behavior: non-static member or base class of a class with a
 non-trivial constructor is referred before constructor begins execution.
 <p>Source: C++03 12.7p1; C++11 12.7p1.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct non_POD {
   int i;
   non_POD();
 };

 extern non_POD non_pod;

 int *p = &amp;non_pod.i; // warn
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct POD {
   int i;
 };

 struct non_POD : public POD {
   POD pod;
 };

 extern non_POD non_pod;

 int *p = &amp;non_pod.pod.i; // warn
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct POD {
   int i;
 };

 struct non_POD : public POD {};

 extern non_POD non_pod;

 POD *p = &amp;non_pod; // warn
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct non_POD {
   int i;
   non_POD();
 };

 struct S {
   int *k;
   non_POD non_pod;
   S() : k(&amp;non_pod.i) {} // warn
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.MemberRefAfterDtor</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 C++03: Undefined behavior: non-static member of non-POD class type is referred
 after destructor ends execution.<br>
 C++11: Undefined behavior: non-static member of a class with a non-trivial
 destructor is referred after destructor ends execution.
 <p>Source: C++03 12.7p1; C++11 12.7p1.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class C {
 public:
   C();
   void f();
 };

 void test() {
   C *c = new C();
   c-&gt;~C();
   c-&gt;f(); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.CtorForeignCall</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: call to virtual function of an object under construction
 whose type is neither the constructors own class or one of its bases.
 <p>Source: C++11 12.7p4.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {
 public:
   virtual void f() {};
 };

 class B {
 public:
   B(A* a) { a-&gt;f(); } // warn
 };

 class C : public A, B {
 public:
   C() : B((A*)this) {}
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.CtorForeignTypeid</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: the operand of <code>typeid</code> is an object under
 construction whose type is neither the constructors own class or one of its
 bases.
 <p>Source: C++11 12.7p5.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;typeinfo&gt;

 class A {};

 class B {
 public:
   B(A* a) {
     (void)typeid(*a); // warn
   }
 };

 class C : public A, B {
 public:
   C() : B((A*)this) {}
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.CtorForeignCast</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: the operand of <code>dynamic_cast</code> is an object under
 construction whose type is neither the constructors own class or one of its
 bases.
 <p>Source: C++11 12.7p6.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;typeinfo&gt;

 class A {
 public:
   virtual void f() {};
 };

 class B {
 public:
   B(A* a) {
     (void)dynamic_cast&lt;B*&gt;(a); //warn
   }
 };

 class C : public A, B {
 public:
   C() : B((A*)this) {}
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.MemberOrBaseRefInCatch</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: referring to any non-static member or base class of an
 object in the handler for a function-try-block of a constructor or destructor
 for that object results in undefined behavior.
 <p>Source: C++11 15.3p10.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f() { throw 1; }

 class C {
   int i;
 public :
   C()
   try {
     f();
   }
   catch (...) {
     i=2; // warn
   }
 };
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f() { throw 1; }

 class Base {
 public:
   int i;
 };

 class C: public Base {
 public :
   ~C() try {
     f();
   }
   catch (...) {
     i=2; // warn
   }
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ReturnAtCatchEnd</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: a function returns when control reaches the end of a
 handler. This results in undefined behavior in a value-returning function.
 <p>Source: C++11 15.3p10.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f() { throw 1; }

 int test() try {
   f();
   return 1;
 }
 catch(int) {
 } // warn
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.AutoptrsOwnSameObj</span><span class="lang">
 (C++03)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: if more than one <code>auto_ptr</code> owns the same object
 at the same time the behavior of the program is undefined.
 <p>Source: C++03 20.4.5p3; C++11 <code>auto_ptr</code> is deprecated
 (D.10).</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;memory&gt;

 void test() {
   int *data = new int;
   std::auto_ptr&lt;int&gt; p(data);
   std::auto_ptr&lt;int&gt; q(data); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.BasicStringOutOfBound</span><span class="lang">
 (C++03)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: out-of-bound <code>basic_string</code> access/modification.
 <br>Note: possibly an enhancement to <span class="name">
 alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2</span>.
 <p>Source: C++03 21.3.4p1; C++11 behavior is defined
 (21.4.5p2).</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;string&gt;

 void test() {
   std::basic_string&lt;char&gt; s;
   char c = s[10]; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;string&gt;

 void test() {
   std::basic_string&lt;char&gt; s;
   s[10] = 0; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.EosDereference</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: the result of <code>operator*()</code> on an end of a
 stream is undefined.
 <p>Source: C++03 24.5.3p2; C++11 24.6.3p2.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;vector&gt;

 int test() {
   std::vector&lt;int&gt; v;
   return *v.end(); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.QsortNonPODNonTrivial</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 C++03: Undefined behavior: the objects in the array passed to qsort are of
 non-POD type.<br>
 C++11: Undefined behavior: the objects in the array passed to qsort are of
 non-trivial type.
 <p>Source: C++03 25.4p4; C++11 25.5p4.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 // C++03
 #include &lt;cstdlib&gt;


 struct non_POD {
   non_POD();
 };

 non_POD values[] = { non_POD(), non_POD() };

 int compare(const void *a, const void *b);

 void test() {
   qsort(values, 2, sizeof(non_POD), compare); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 // C++11
 #include &lt;cstdlib&gt;

 struct S {};

 struct trivial_non_POD : public S {
   int i;
 };

 struct non_trivial {
   int i;
   non_trivial();
 };

 trivial_non_POD tnp[2];
 non_trivial nt[2];

 int compare1(const void *a, const void *b);

 int compare2(const void *a, const void *b);

 void test() {
   qsort(tnp, 2, sizeof(trivial_non_POD), compare1); // ok
   qsort(nt, 2, sizeof(non_trivial), compare2); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ThrowWhileCopy</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: copy constructor/assignment operator can throw an exception.
 The effects are undefined if an exception is thrown.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class C {
 public:
   int i, j;
   C (const C &amp;c) {
     i = c.i;
     throw 1; // warn
     j = c.j;
   };
 };
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class C {
 public:
   int i, j;
   C &amp;operator=(const C &amp;c) {
     i = c.i;
     throw 1; // warn
     j = c.j;
   };
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ValarrayArgBound</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: the value of the <code><i>n</i></code> argument passed
 to <code>valarray</code> constructor is greater than the number of values
 pointed to by the first argument (source).
 <p>Source: C++03 26.3.2.1p4; C++11 26.6.2.2p4.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 struct S {
   int i;
   S(int ii) : i(ii) {};
 };

 void test(void) {
   S s[] = { S(1), S(2) };
   std::valarray&lt;S&gt; v(s,3); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ValarrayLengthDiffer</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: <code>valarray</code> operands are of different length.
 <p>Source: C++03 26.3.2.2p1, 26.3.2.6p3, 26.3.3.1p3, 26.3.3.2p3;
 C++11 defined (26.6.2.3p1), 26.6.2.7p3, 26.6.3.1p3,
 26.6.3.2p3.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 // C++03
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 void test(void) {
   std::valarray&lt;int&gt; a(0, 1), b(0, 2);
   a = b; // warn
   b.resize(1);
   a = b; // ok
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 // C++03, C++11
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 void test(void) {
   std::valarray&lt;int&gt; a(0, 1), b(0, 2);
   a *= b; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 // C++03, C++11
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 void test(void) {
   std::valarray&lt;int&gt; a(0, 1), b(0, 2);
   a = a + b; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 // C++03, C++11
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 void test(void) {
   std::valarray&lt;int&gt; a(0, 1), b(0, 2);
   std::valarray&lt;bool&gt; c(false, 1);
   c = a == b; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ValarrayZeroLength</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: calling <code>sum()</code>/<code>min()</code>/<code>
 max()</code> methods of a zero length <code>valarray<code> the behavior is
 undefined.
 <p>Source: C++03 26.3.2.7p2, p3, p4; C++11 26.6.2.8p5, p6,
 p7.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 void test(void) {
   std::valarray&lt;int&gt; v(0, 0);
   v.sum(); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.ValarrayBadIndirection</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: element is specified more than once in an indirection.
 <p>Source: C++03 26.3.9.2p2, 26.3.9.3p2; C++11 26.6.9.2p2,
 26.6.9.3p2.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 void test() {
   // '1' is specified more then once
   size_t addr[] = {0, 1, 1};
   std::valarray&lt;size_t&gt;indirect(addr, 3);
   std::valarray&lt;int&gt; a(0, 5), b(1, 3);
   a[indirect] = b; //warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;valarray&gt;

 void test() {
   // '1' is specified more then once
   size_t addr[] = {0, 1, 1};
   std::valarray&lt;size_t&gt;indirect(addr, 3);
   std::valarray&lt;int&gt; a(0, 5), b(1, 3);
   a[indirect] *= b; //warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.IosBaseDestroyedBeforeInit</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: <code>ios_base</code> object is destroyed before
 initialization have taken place. <code>basic_ios::init</code> should be call to
 initialize <code>ios_base</code> members.
 <p>Source: C++03 27.4.2.7p1, 27.4.4.1p2; C++11 27.5.3.7p1,
 27.5.5.2p2.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;ios&gt;

 using namespace std;
 template &lt;class T, class Traits = std::char_traits&lt;T&gt; &gt;
 class my_stream1 : public std::basic_ios&lt;T, Traits&gt; {
 };

 template &lt;class T, class Traits = std::char_traits&lt;T&gt; &gt;
 class my_stream2 : public std::basic_ios&lt;T, Traits&gt; {
   class my_streambuf
   : public std::basic_streambuf&lt;T, Traits&gt; {
   };
 public:
   my_stream2() {
     this->init(new my_streambuf);
   }
 };

 void test() {
   my_stream1&lt;char&gt; *p1 = new my_stream1&lt;char&gt;;
   my_stream2&lt;char&gt; *p2 = new my_stream2&lt;char&gt;;
   delete p1; // warn
   delete p2; // ok
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.IosBaseUsedBeforeInit</span><span class="lang">
 (C++11)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: <code>ios_base</code> object is used before initialization
 have taken place. <code>basic_ios::init</code> should be call to
 initialize <code>ios_base</code> members.
 <p>Source: C++11 27.5.3.7p1, 27.5.5.2p2.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;ios&gt;

 using namespace std;
 template &lt;class T, class Traits = std::char_traits&lt;T&gt; &gt;
 class my_stream1 : public std::basic_ios&lt;T, Traits&gt; {
 };

 template &lt;class T, class Traits = std::char_traits&lt;T&gt; &gt;
 class my_stream2 : public std::basic_ios&lt;T, Traits&gt; {
   class my_streambuf
   : public std::basic_streambuf&lt;T, Traits&gt; {
   };
 public:
   my_stream2() {
     this->init(new my_streambuf);
   }
 };

 void test() {
   my_stream1&lt;char&gt; *p1 = new my_stream1&lt;char&gt;;
   my_stream2&lt;char&gt; *p2 = new my_stream2&lt;char&gt;;
   p1->narrow('a', 'b'); // warn
   p2->narrow('a', 'b'); // ok
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 undefbehavior.MinusOnePosType</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Undefined behavior: passing -1 to any <code>streambuf</code>/<code>
 istream</code>/<code>ostream</code> member that accepts a value of
 type <code>traits::pos_type</code> result in undefined behavior.
 <p>Source: C++03 27.4.3.2p3; C++11 27.5.4.2p3.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;fstream&gt;

 class my_streambuf : public std::streambuf {
   void f() {
     seekpos(-1); // warn
   }
 };
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;fstream&gt;

 void test() {
   std::filebuf fb;
   std::istream in(&amp;fb);
   std::filebuf::off_type pos(-1);
   in.seekg(pos); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ============================ different ================================ -->
 <h3>different</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr>
 </thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.SuccessiveAssign</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Successive assign to a variable.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 int test() {
   int i;
   i=1;
   i=2; // warn
   return i;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.NullDerefStmtOrder</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Dereferencing of the null pointer might take place. Checking the pointer for
 null should be performed first.
 <br>Note: possibly an enhancement to <span class="name">
 core.NullDereference</span>.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct S {
   int x;
 };

 struct S* f();

 void test() {
   struct S *p1 = f();
   int x1 = p1-&gt;x; // warn
   if (p1) {};

   struct S *p2 = f();
   int x2 = p2-&gt;x; // ok
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.NullDerefCondOrder</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Dereferencing of the null pointer might take place. Checking the pointer for
 null should be performed first.
 <br>Note: possibly an enhancement to <span class="name">
 core.NullDereference</span>.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct S {int i;};

 struct S* f();

 void test() {
   struct S *p = f();
   if (p-&gt;i && p) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.MultipleAccessors</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Identical accessor bodies. Possibly a misprint.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {
   int i;
   int j;
 public:
   int getI() { return i; }
   int getJ() { return i; } // warn
 };
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {
   int i;
   int j;
 public:
   void setI(int& ii) { i = ii; }
   void setJ(int& jj) { i = jj; } // warn
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.AccessorsForPublic</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Accessors exist for a public class field. Should this field really be
 public?</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class A {
 public:
   int i; // warn
   int getI() { return i; }
   void setI(int& ii) { i = ii; }
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.LibFuncResultUnised</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Calling a function ignoring its return value is of no use (create the list of
 known system/library/API functions falling into this category).</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;vector&gt;

 void test() {
   std::vector&lt;int&gt; v;
   v.empty(); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.WrongVarForStmt</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Wrong variable is possibly used in the loop/cond-expression of
 the <code>for</code> statement. Did you mean
 'proper_variable_name'?</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int i = 0;
   int j = 0;
   for (i = 0; i < 3; j += 1); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int i = 0;
   int j = 0;
   for (int j = 0; i < 3; ++j); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.FloatingCompare</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Comparing floating point numbers may be not precise.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;math.h&gt;

 double test() {
   double b = sin(M_PI / 6.0);
   if (b == 0.5) // warn
     b = 0;
   return b;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.BitwiseOpBoolArg</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Boolean value met at the left/right part of the bitwise <code>&amp;</code>
 or <code>|</code> operator.
 Did you mean <code>&amp;&amp;</code> (<code>||</code>) ?</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 int f();

 void test() {
   bool b = true;
   if (b &amp; f()) {} // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.LabelInsideSwitch</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Possibly a misprint: label found inside a <code>switch()</code>
 statement.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test(int c) {
   switch(c){
   case 1:
     c += 1; break;
   defalt: // warn (did you mean 'default'?)
     c -= 1; break;
   }
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.IdenticalCondIfIf</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 The conditions of two subsequent <code>if</code> statements are
 identical.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 int test(int c) {
   if (c &gt; 5)
     c += 1;
   if (c &gt; 5) // warn
     c -= 1;
   return c;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.LogicalOpUselessArg</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 The second operand of a <code>&amp;&amp;</code> operator has no impact on
 expression result.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test(unsigned a) {
   if (a&lt;7 &amp;&amp; a&lt;10) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.SameResLogicalExpr</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 An expression is always evaluated to true/false.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int i = 0;
   if (i != 0) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test(int i) {
   if (i == 0 &amp;&amp; i == 1) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test(int i) {
   if (i < 0 || i >= 0) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.OpPrecedenceAssignCmp</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Comparison operation has higher precedence then assignment. Boolean value is
 assigned to a variable of other type. Parenthesis may bee required around an
 assignment.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 int f();

 void test(int x, int y) {
   bool b;
   if((b = x != y)) {} // ok
   if((x = f() != y)) {} // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.OpPrecedenceIifShift</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 <code>?:</code> has lower precedence then <code>&lt;&lt;</code>.
 <p>Source: Stephen C. Dewhurst "C++ Gotchas: Avoiding Common Problems in Coding
 and Design", advise 15.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;iostream&gt;

 void test(int a) {
   std::cout &lt;&lt; a ? "a" : "b"; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test(int a) {
   a &lt;&lt; a &gt; 7 ? 1 : 2; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.ObjectUnused</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 The object was created but is not being used.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct S {
   int x, y;
   S(int xx, int yy) : x(xx), y(yy) {}
   S(int xx) {
     S(xx, 0); // warn
   }
 };
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;exception&gt;

 void test() {
   std::exception();
     // warn (did you mean 'throw std::exception()'?)
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.StaticArrayPtrCompare</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Pointer to static array is being compared to NULL. May the subscripting is
 missing.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int a[1][1];
   if (a[0] == 0) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.ConversionToBool</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Odd implicit conversion to boolean.
 <br>Note: possibly merge with <span class="name">
 alpha.core.BoolAssignment</span>.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 bool test() {
   return 1.; // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 bool test() {
   return ""; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.ArrayBound</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Out-of-bound dynamic array access.
 <br>Note: possibly an enhancement to <span class="name">
 alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2</span>.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test() {
   int *p = new int[1];
   int i = 1;
   if(p[i]) {}; // warn
   delete[] p;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.StrcpyInputSize</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Buffer copy without checking the size of input.
 <br>Note: possibly an enhancement to <span class="name">
 alpha.unix.cstring.OutOfBounds</span>.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void test(char* string) {
   char buf[24];
   strcpy(buf, string); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.IntegerOverflow</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Integer overflow.
 <br>Note: partially handled by Clang core
 (search for 'overflow in expression' warning in Clang tests).
 <p>Source: <a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/190.html">
 CWE-190</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;limits.h&gt;

 int f(int x);

 void test() {
   f(INT_MAX + 1); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;limits.h&gt;

 int test() {
   int x = INT_MAX / 2 + 1;
   return x * 2; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.SignExtension</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Unexpected sign extension might take place.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/194.html">
 CWE-194</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 unsigned long long test(long long sll) {
   unsigned long long ull = sll; // warn
   return ull;
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f(unsigned int i);

 void test(int si) {
   f(si); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 unsigned int test(int i) {
   return i;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.NumericTruncation</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Numeric truncation might take place.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/197.html">
 CWE-197</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 unsigned long test(unsigned long long ull) {
   unsigned long ul = ull; // warn
   return ul;
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 void f(int i);

 void test(long long sll) {
   f(sll); // warn
 }
 </pre></div>
 <div class="example"><pre>
 int f();

 short test(long long sll) {
   short ss = f();
   return ss;
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 different.MissingCopyCtorAssignOp</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 A class has dynamically allocated data members but do not define a copy
 constructor/assignment operator.
 <p>Source: Scott Meyers "Effective C++", item 11: Prevent exceptions from
 leaving destructors.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 class C {
   int *p; // warn
 public:
   C() { p = new int; }
   ~C() { delete p; }
 };
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>

 </table>

 <!-- ============================ WinAPI =================================== -->
 <h3>WinAPI</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 WinAPI.CreateProcess</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 <code>CreateProcess()</code>: if the first parameter <code><i>
 lpApplicationName</i></code> is NULL then the executable name must be in the
 white space-delimited string pointed to by <code><i>lpCommandLine</code></i>.
 If the executable or path name has a space in it, there is a risk that a
 different executable could be run because of the way the function parses
 spaces.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/nf-processthreadsapi-createprocessa#security-remarks">
 MSDN: CreateProcess function, Security Remarks</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;windows.h&gt;

 void test() {
   STARTUPINFO si;
   PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
   CreateProcess(NULL, TEXT("C:\\Program Files\\App -L -S"),
                 NULL, NULL, TRUE, 0, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi);
     // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 WinAPI.LoadLibrary</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 The <code>SearchPath()</code> function is used to retrieve a path to a DLL for
 a subsequent <code>LoadLibrary()</code> call.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/libloaderapi/nf-libloaderapi-loadlibrarya#security-remarks">
 MSDN: LoadLibrary function, Security Remarks</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;windows.h&gt;

 HINSTANCE test() {
   char filePath[100];
   SearchPath(NULL, "file.dll", NULL, 100, filePath, NULL);
   return LoadLibrary(filePath); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 WinAPI.WideCharToMultiByte</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Buffer overrun while calling <code>WideCharToMultiByte()</code>. The size of
 the input buffer equals the number of characters in the Unicode string, while
 the size of the output buffer equals the number of bytes.
 <p>Source: <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/stringapiset/nf-stringapiset-widechartomultibyte">
 MSDN: WideCharToMultiByte function</a>.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;windows.h&gt;

 void test() {
   wchar_t ws[] = L"abc";
   char s[3];
   WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, ws, -1, s,
                       3, NULL, NULL); // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 </table>

 <!-- =========================== optimization ============================== -->
 <h3>optimization</h3>
 <table class="checkers">
 <col class="namedescr"><col class="example"><col class="progress">
 <thead><tr><td>Name, Description</td><td>Example</td><td>Progress</td></tr></thead>

 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 optimization.PassConstObjByValue</span><span class="lang">
 (C, C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Optimization: It is more effective to pass constant parameter by reference to
 avoid unnecessary object copying.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 struct A {};

 void f(const struct A a); // warn
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 optimization.PostfixIncIter</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Optimization: It is more effective to use prefix increment operator with
 iterator.
 <p>Source: Scott Meyers "More Effective C++", item 6:
 Distinguish between prefix and postfix forms of increment and decrement
 operators.</p></div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;vector&gt;

 void test() {
   std::vector&lt;int&gt; v;
   std::vector&lt;int&gt;::const_iterator it;
   for(it = v.begin();
       it != v.end(); it++) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 optimization.MultipleCallsStrlen</span><span class="lang">
 (C)</span><div class="descr">
 Optimization: multiple calls to <code>strlen()</code> for a string in an
 expression. It is more effective to hold a value returned
 from <code>strlen()</code> in a temporary variable.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;string.h&gt;

 void test(const char* s) {
   if (strlen(s) &gt; 0 &amp;&amp;
       strlen(s) &lt; 7) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 optimization.StrLengthCalculation</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Optimization: it is more efficient to use <code>string::length()</code> to
 calculate the length of an <code>std::string</code>.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;string&gt;
 #include &lt;string.h&gt;

 void test() {
   std::string s;
   if (strlen(s.c_str()) != 0) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 <tr><td><div class="namedescr expandable"><span class="name">
 optimization.EmptyContainerDetect</span><span class="lang">
 (C++)</span><div class="descr">
 Optimization: It is more efficient to use containers <code>empty()</code>
 method to identify an empty container.</div></div></td>
 <td><div class="exampleContainer expandable">
 <div class="example"><pre>
 #include &lt;list&gt;

 void test() {
   std::list&lt;int&gt; l;
   if (l.size() != 0) {}; // warn
 }
 </pre></div></div></td>
 <td class="aligned"></td></tr>


 </table>

 <br>
 </div> <!-- page -->
 </div> <!-- content -->
 </body>
 </html>