[libc][printf] Fix out-of-range shift in float320 printf (#144542)
If you enable `LIBC_CONF_PRINTF_FLOAT_TO_STR_USE_FLOAT320` and use a
`%f` style printf format directive to print a nonzero number too small
to show up in the output digits, e.g. `printf("%.2f", 0.001)`, then the
output would be intermittently incorrect, because
`DyadicFloat::as_mantissa_type_rounded` would try to shift the 320-bit
mantissa right by more than 320 bits, invoking the 'undefined behavior'
clause commented in the `shift()` function in `big_int.h`.
There were already tests in the libc test suite exercising this case,
e.g. the subnormal tests in `LlvmLibcSPrintfTest.FloatDecimalConv` use
`%f` at the default precision of 6 decimal places on tiny numbers such
as 2^-1027. But because the behavior is undefined, they don't visibly
fail all the time, and in all previous test runs we'd tried with
USE_FLOAT320, they had got lucky.
The fix is simply to detect an out-of-range right shift before doing it,
and instead just set the output value to zero.
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