[libcxx] Optimize std::generate for segmented iterators (#163006)

Part of #102817.

This patch attempts to optimize the performance of `std::generate` for
segmented iterators. Below are the benchmark numbers from
`libcxx\test\benchmarks\algorithms\modifying\generate.bench.cpp`. Test
cases that use segmented iterators have also been added.

- before

```
std::generate(deque<int>)/32           194 ns          193 ns      3733333
std::generate(deque<int>)/50           276 ns          276 ns      2488889
std::generate(deque<int>)/1024        5096 ns         5022 ns       112000
std::generate(deque<int>)/8192       40806 ns        40806 ns        17231
```

- after

```
std::generate(deque<int>)/32           106 ns          105 ns      6400000
std::generate(deque<int>)/50           139 ns          138 ns      4977778
std::generate(deque<int>)/1024        2713 ns         2699 ns       248889
std::generate(deque<int>)/8192       18983 ns        19252 ns        37333
```

---------

Co-authored-by: A. Jiang <de34@live.cn>
3 files changed
tree: 691488ba7506ab206395bb14e5cef5a7df2d374c
  1. .ci/
  2. .github/
  3. bolt/
  4. clang/
  5. clang-tools-extra/
  6. cmake/
  7. compiler-rt/
  8. cross-project-tests/
  9. flang/
  10. flang-rt/
  11. libc/
  12. libclc/
  13. libcxx/
  14. libcxxabi/
  15. libsycl/
  16. libunwind/
  17. lld/
  18. lldb/
  19. llvm/
  20. llvm-libgcc/
  21. mlir/
  22. offload/
  23. openmp/
  24. orc-rt/
  25. polly/
  26. runtimes/
  27. third-party/
  28. utils/
  29. .clang-format
  30. .clang-format-ignore
  31. .clang-tidy
  32. .git-blame-ignore-revs
  33. .gitattributes
  34. .gitignore
  35. .mailmap
  36. CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
  37. CONTRIBUTING.md
  38. LICENSE.TXT
  39. pyproject.toml
  40. README.md
  41. SECURITY.md
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