[lldb] Add filter option to AST dump command (#142164)

Depends on https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/142163

This patch makes the `-ast-dump-filter` Clang option available to the
`target modules dump ast` command. This allows us to selectively dump
parts of the AST by name.

The AST can quickly grow way too large to skim on the console. This will
aid in debugging AST related issues.

Example:
```
(lldb) target modules dump ast --filter func
Dumping clang ast for 48 modules.
Dumping func:
FunctionDecl 0xc4b785008 <<invalid sloc>> <invalid sloc> func 'void (int)' extern
|-ParmVarDecl 0xc4b7853d8 <<invalid sloc>> <invalid sloc> x 'int'
`-AsmLabelAttr 0xc4b785358 <<invalid sloc>> Implicit "_Z4funcIiEvT_"

Dumping func<int>:
FunctionDecl 0xc4b7850b8 <<invalid sloc>> <invalid sloc> func<int> 'void (int)' implicit_instantiation extern
|-TemplateArgument type 'int'
| `-BuiltinType 0xc4b85b110 'int'
`-ParmVarDecl 0xc4b7853d8 <<invalid sloc>> <invalid sloc> x 'int'
```

The majority of this patch is adjust the `Dump` API. The main change in
behaviour is in `TypeSystemClang::Dump`, where we now use the
`ASTPrinter` for dumping the `TranslationUnitDecl`. This is where the
`-ast-dump-filter` functionality lives in Clang.