Reapply "[llvm][lit] Add option to run only the failed tests" (#171588)

This reverts commit 3847648e84d2ff5194f605a8a9a5c0a5e5174939.

Relands https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/158043 which got
auto-merged on a revision which wasn't approved.

The only addition to the approved version was that we adjust how we set
the time for failed tests. We used to just assign it the negative value
of the elapsed time. But if the test failed with `0` seconds (which some
of the new tests do), we would mark it `-0`. But the check for whether
something failed checks for `time < 0`. That messed with the new
`--filter-failed` option of this PR. This was only an issue on Windows
CI, but presumably can happen on any platform. Happy to do this in a
separate PR.

---- Original PR

This patch adds a new --filter-failed option to llvm-lit, which when
set, will only run the tests that have previously failed.