/* AbstractCollection.java -- Abstract implementation of most of Collection
   Copyright (C) 1998, 2000, 2001, 2005  Free Software Foundation, Inc.

This file is part of GNU Classpath.

GNU Classpath is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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any later version.

GNU Classpath is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
General Public License for more details.

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along with GNU Classpath; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
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02110-1301 USA.

Linking this library statically or dynamically with other modules is
making a combined work based on this library.  Thus, the terms and
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As a special exception, the copyright holders of this library give you
permission to link this library with independent modules to produce an
executable, regardless of the license terms of these independent
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terms of your choice, provided that you also meet, for each linked
independent module, the terms and conditions of the license of that
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this exception to your version of the library, but you are not
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package java.util;

import java.lang.reflect.Array;

/**
 * A basic implementation of most of the methods in the Collection interface to
 * make it easier to create a collection. To create an unmodifiable Collection,
 * just subclass AbstractCollection and provide implementations of the
 * iterator() and size() methods. The Iterator returned by iterator() need only
 * provide implementations of hasNext() and next() (that is, it may throw an
 * UnsupportedOperationException if remove() is called). To create a modifiable
 * Collection, you must in addition provide an implementation of the
 * add(Object) method and the Iterator returned by iterator() must provide an
 * implementation of remove(). Other methods should be overridden if the
 * backing data structure allows for a more efficient implementation. The
 * precise implementation used by AbstractCollection is documented, so that
 * subclasses can tell which methods could be implemented more efficiently.
 * <p>
 *
 * The programmer should provide a no-argument constructor, and one that
 * accepts another Collection, as recommended by the Collection interface.
 * Unfortunately, there is no way to enforce this in Java.
 *
 * @author Original author unknown
 * @author Bryce McKinlay
 * @author Eric Blake (ebb9@email.byu.edu)
 * @see Collection
 * @see AbstractSet
 * @see AbstractList
 * @since 1.2
 * @status updated to 1.4
 */
public abstract class AbstractCollection implements Collection
{
  /**
   * The main constructor, for use by subclasses.
   */
  protected AbstractCollection()
  {
  }

  /**
   * Return an Iterator over this collection. The iterator must provide the
   * hasNext and next methods and should in addition provide remove if the
   * collection is modifiable.
   *
   * @return an iterator
   */
  public abstract Iterator iterator();

  /**
   * Return the number of elements in this collection. If there are more than
   * Integer.MAX_VALUE elements, return Integer.MAX_VALUE.
   *
   * @return the size
   */
  public abstract int size();

  /**
   * Add an object to the collection (optional operation). This implementation
   * always throws an UnsupportedOperationException - it should be
   * overridden if the collection is to be modifiable. If the collection
   * does not accept duplicates, simply return false. Collections may specify
   * limitations on what may be added.
   *
   * @param o the object to add
   * @return true if the add operation caused the Collection to change
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the add operation is not
   *         supported on this collection
   * @throws NullPointerException if the collection does not support null
   * @throws ClassCastException if the object is of the wrong type
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some aspect of the object prevents
   *         it from being added
   */
  public boolean add(Object o)
  {
    throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
  }

  /**
   * Add all the elements of a given collection to this collection (optional
   * operation). This implementation obtains an Iterator over the given
   * collection and iterates over it, adding each element with the
   * add(Object) method (thus this method will fail with an
   * UnsupportedOperationException if the add method does). The behavior is
   * unspecified if the specified collection is modified during the iteration,
   * including the special case of trying addAll(this) on a non-empty
   * collection.
   *
   * @param c the collection to add the elements of to this collection
   * @return true if the add operation caused the Collection to change
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the add operation is not
   *         supported on this collection
   * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
   * @throws ClassCastException if the type of any element in c is
   *         not a valid type for addition.
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some aspect of any element
   *         in c prevents it being added.
   * @throws NullPointerException if any element in c is null and this
   *         collection doesn't allow null values.
   * @see #add(Object)
   */
  public boolean addAll(Collection c)
  {
    Iterator itr = c.iterator();
    boolean modified = false;
    int pos = c.size();
    while (--pos >= 0)
      modified |= add(itr.next());
    return modified;
  }

  /**
   * Remove all elements from the collection (optional operation). This
   * implementation obtains an iterator over the collection and calls next
   * and remove on it repeatedly (thus this method will fail with an
   * UnsupportedOperationException if the Iterator's remove method does)
   * until there are no more elements to remove.
   * Many implementations will have a faster way of doing this.
   *
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the Iterator returned by
   *         iterator does not provide an implementation of remove
   * @see Iterator#remove()
   */
  public void clear()
  {
    Iterator itr = iterator();
    int pos = size();
    while (--pos >= 0)
      {
        itr.next();
        itr.remove();
      }
  }

  /**
   * Test whether this collection contains a given object. That is, if the
   * collection has an element e such that (o == null ? e == null :
   * o.equals(e)). This implementation obtains an iterator over the collection
   * and iterates over it, testing each element for equality with the given
   * object. If it is equal, true is returned. Otherwise false is returned when
   * the end of the collection is reached.
   *
   * @param o the object to remove from this collection
   * @return true if this collection contains an object equal to o
   */
  public boolean contains(Object o)
  {
    Iterator itr = iterator();
    int pos = size();
    while (--pos >= 0)
      if (equals(o, itr.next()))
        return true;
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Tests whether this collection contains all the elements in a given
   * collection. This implementation iterates over the given collection,
   * testing whether each element is contained in this collection. If any one
   * is not, false is returned. Otherwise true is returned.
   *
   * @param c the collection to test against
   * @return true if this collection contains all the elements in the given
   *         collection
   * @throws NullPointerException if the given collection is null
   * @see #contains(Object)
   */
  public boolean containsAll(Collection c)
  {
    Iterator itr = c.iterator();
    int pos = c.size();
    while (--pos >= 0)
      if (!contains(itr.next()))
        return false;
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Test whether this collection is empty. This implementation returns
   * size() == 0.
   *
   * @return true if this collection is empty.
   * @see #size()
   */
  public boolean isEmpty()
  {
    return size() == 0;
  }

  /**
   * Remove a single instance of an object from this collection (optional
   * operation). That is, remove one element e such that
   * <code>(o == null ? e == null : o.equals(e))</code>, if such an element
   * exists. This implementation obtains an iterator over the collection
   * and iterates over it, testing each element for equality with the given
   * object. If it is equal, it is removed by the iterator's remove method
   * (thus this method will fail with an UnsupportedOperationException if
   * the Iterator's remove method does). After the first element has been
   * removed, true is returned; if the end of the collection is reached, false
   * is returned.
   *
   * @param o the object to remove from this collection
   * @return true if the remove operation caused the Collection to change, or
   *         equivalently if the collection did contain o.
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this collection's Iterator
   *         does not support the remove method
   * @see Iterator#remove()
   */
  public boolean remove(Object o)
  {
    Iterator itr = iterator();
    int pos = size();
    while (--pos >= 0)
      if (equals(o, itr.next()))
        {
          itr.remove();
          return true;
        }
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Remove from this collection all its elements that are contained in a given
   * collection (optional operation). This implementation iterates over this
   * collection, and for each element tests if it is contained in the given
   * collection. If so, it is removed by the Iterator's remove method (thus
   * this method will fail with an UnsupportedOperationException if the
   * Iterator's remove method does).
   *
   * @param c the collection to remove the elements of
   * @return true if the remove operation caused the Collection to change
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this collection's Iterator
   *         does not support the remove method
   * @throws NullPointerException if the collection, c, is null.
   * @see Iterator#remove()
   */
  public boolean removeAll(Collection c)
  {
    return removeAllInternal(c);
  }

  /**
   * Remove from this collection all its elements that are contained in a given
   * collection (optional operation). This implementation iterates over this
   * collection, and for each element tests if it is contained in the given
   * collection. If so, it is removed by the Iterator's remove method (thus
   * this method will fail with an UnsupportedOperationException if the
   * Iterator's remove method does). This method is necessary for ArrayList,
   * which cannot publicly override removeAll but can optimize this call.
   *
   * @param c the collection to remove the elements of
   * @return true if the remove operation caused the Collection to change
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this collection's Iterator
   *         does not support the remove method
   * @throws NullPointerException if the collection, c, is null.
   * @see Iterator#remove()
   */
  // Package visible for use throughout java.util.
  boolean removeAllInternal(Collection c)
  {
    Iterator itr = iterator();
    boolean modified = false;
    int pos = size();
    while (--pos >= 0)
      if (c.contains(itr.next()))
        {
          itr.remove();
          modified = true;
        }
    return modified;
  }

  /**
   * Remove from this collection all its elements that are not contained in a
   * given collection (optional operation). This implementation iterates over
   * this collection, and for each element tests if it is contained in the
   * given collection. If not, it is removed by the Iterator's remove method
   * (thus this method will fail with an UnsupportedOperationException if
   * the Iterator's remove method does).
   *
   * @param c the collection to retain the elements of
   * @return true if the remove operation caused the Collection to change
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this collection's Iterator
   *         does not support the remove method
   * @throws NullPointerException if the collection, c, is null.
   * @see Iterator#remove()
   */
  public boolean retainAll(Collection c)
  {
    return retainAllInternal(c);
  }

  /**
   * Remove from this collection all its elements that are not contained in a
   * given collection (optional operation). This implementation iterates over
   * this collection, and for each element tests if it is contained in the
   * given collection. If not, it is removed by the Iterator's remove method
   * (thus this method will fail with an UnsupportedOperationException if
   * the Iterator's remove method does). This method is necessary for
   * ArrayList, which cannot publicly override retainAll but can optimize
   * this call.
   *
   * @param c the collection to retain the elements of
   * @return true if the remove operation caused the Collection to change
   * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this collection's Iterator
   *         does not support the remove method
   * @throws NullPointerException if the collection, c, is null.
   * @see Iterator#remove()
   */
  // Package visible for use throughout java.util.
  boolean retainAllInternal(Collection c)
  {
    Iterator itr = iterator();
    boolean modified = false;
    int pos = size();
    while (--pos >= 0)
      if (!c.contains(itr.next()))
        {
          itr.remove();
          modified = true;
        }
    return modified;
  }

  /**
   * Return an array containing the elements of this collection. This
   * implementation creates an Object array of size size() and then iterates
   * over the collection, setting each element of the array from the value
   * returned by the iterator. The returned array is safe, and is not backed
   * by the collection.
   *
   * @return an array containing the elements of this collection
   */
  public Object[] toArray()
  {
    Iterator itr = iterator();
    int size = size();
    Object[] a = new Object[size];
    for (int pos = 0; pos < size; pos++)
      a[pos] = itr.next();
    return a;
  }

  /**
   * Copy the collection into a given array if it will fit, or into a
   * dynamically created array of the same run-time type as the given array if
   * not. If there is space remaining in the array, the first element after the
   * end of the collection is set to null (this is only useful if the
   * collection is known to contain no null elements, however). This
   * implementation first tests whether the given array is large enough to hold
   * all the elements of the collection. If not, the reflection API is used to
   * allocate a new array of the same run-time type. Next an iterator is
   * obtained over the collection and the elements are placed in the array as
   * they are returned by the iterator. Finally the first spare element, if
   * any, of the array is set to null, and the created array is returned.
   * The returned array is safe; it is not backed by the collection. Note that
   * null may not mark the last element, if the collection allows null
   * elements.
   *
   * @param a the array to copy into, or of the correct run-time type
   * @return the array that was produced
   * @throws NullPointerException if the given array is null
   * @throws ArrayStoreException if the type of the array precludes holding
   *         one of the elements of the Collection
   */
  public Object[] toArray(Object[] a)
  {
    int size = size();
    if (a.length < size)
      a = (Object[]) Array.newInstance(a.getClass().getComponentType(),
                                       size);
    else if (a.length > size)
      a[size] = null;

    Iterator itr = iterator();
    for (int pos = 0; pos < size; pos++)
      a[pos] = itr.next();

    return a;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a String representation of the Collection. The string returned is
   * of the form "[a, b, ...]" where a and b etc are the results of calling
   * toString on the elements of the collection. This implementation obtains an
   * Iterator over the Collection and adds each element to a StringBuffer as it
   * is returned by the iterator. "<this>" is inserted when the collection
   * contains itself (only works for direct containment, not for collections
   * inside collections).
   *
   * @return a String representation of the Collection
   */
  public String toString()
  {
    Iterator itr = iterator();
    StringBuffer r = new StringBuffer("[");
    boolean hasNext = itr.hasNext();
    while (hasNext)
      {
        Object o = itr.next();
	if (o == this)
	  r.append("<this>");
	else
	  r.append(o);
	hasNext = itr.hasNext();
        if (hasNext)
          r.append(", ");
      }
    r.append("]");
    return r.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Compare two objects according to Collection semantics.
   *
   * @param o1 the first object
   * @param o2 the second object
   * @return o1 == null ? o2 == null : o1.equals(o2)
   */
  // Package visible for use throughout java.util.
  // It may be inlined since it is final.
  static final boolean equals(Object o1, Object o2)
  {
    return o1 == null ? o2 == null : o1.equals(o2);
  }

  /**
   * Hash an object according to Collection semantics.
   *
   * @param o the object to hash
   * @return o1 == null ? 0 : o1.hashCode()
   */
  // Package visible for use throughout java.util.
  // It may be inlined since it is final.
  static final int hashCode(Object o)
  {
    return o == null ? 0 : o.hashCode();
  }
}